Abstract
HighlightsA facile self-etching strategy was used to obtain mesoporous carbon (meso-C) nanowires with zinc-catalyzed short-range ordered structure.Meso-C anode showed high initial Coulombic efficiency (76.7%) and excellent cycling stability (1000 cycles) for potassium-ion batteries.In/ex situ characterizations revealed the reversible structural changes, and the kinetic analyses revealed the rapid K+ diffusion in electrode.
Highlights
Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have attracted increased attention due to their potential to realize large-scale energy storage [1,2,3]
The initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of mesoporous carbon (meso-C) can reach as high as 76.7%
Compared to microporous carbon (micro-C) with highly disordered structure, the meso-C shows an increased capacity by ~ 100 mAh g −1 when used as the PIBs anode, which exhibits a high specific capacity of 278 mAh g−1 at 0.05 A g −1, and could maintain 230 mAh g −1 after 250 cycles at 0.1 A g −1
Summary
Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have attracted increased attention due to their potential to realize large-scale energy storage [1,2,3]. K+ has the smallest Stokes’ radius (3.6 Å) in propylene carbonate solvents when compared to those of Li+ (4.8 Å) and Na+ (4.6 Å), which leads to faster ion mobility in these electrolytes [6] In spite of these advantages, scientific issues including the huge volume variation and sluggish ion transport in electrode materials caused by the much larger crystallographic radius of K+ (1.38 Å) than that of L i+ (0.76 Å) are still unresolved yet. The formation of K C8 causes a huge volume expansion of 61% during K-insertion process, which is much larger than that of LiC6 (10%) and leads to poor cycling life in PIBs [14, 15] To resolve these issues, growing efforts focus on amorphous carbon (AC) or defects engineering on graphitic carbon [16,17,18]. Its capacity is increased by ~ 100 mAh g −1 when compared to that of micro-C, exhibiting a high specific capacity of 278 mAh g−1 at 0.05 A g −1 and superior cycling stability with the capacity retention of 70.7% after 1000 cycles at 1 A g−1
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