Abstract
Essential oils play an important role in reducing the pain and inflammation caused by bone fracture.In this study, a scaffold was electrospun based on polyurethane (PU), grape seed oil, honey and propolis for bone tissue-engineering applications. The fiber diameter of the electrospun PU/grape seed oil scaffold and PU/grape seed oil/honey/propolis scaffold were observed to be reduced compared to the pristine PU control. FTIR analysis revealed the existence of grape seed oil, honey and propolis in PU identified by CH band peak shift and also hydrogen bond formation. The contact angle of PU/grape seed oil scaffold was found to increase owing to hydrophobic nature and the contact angle for the PU/grape seed/honey oil/propolis scaffold were decreased because of hydrophilic nature. Further, the prepared PU/grape seed oil and PU/grape seed oil/honey/propolis scaffold showed enhanced thermal stability and reduction in surface roughness than the control as revealed in thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis. Further, the developed nanocomposite scaffold displayed delayed blood clotting time than the pristine PU in the activated prothrombin time (APTT) and partial thromboplastin time (PT) assay. The hemolytic assay and cytocompatibility studies revealed that the electrospun PU/grape seed oil and PU/grape seed oil/honey/propolis scaffold possess non-toxic behaviour to red blood cells (RBC) and human fibroblast cells (HDF) cells indicating better blood compatibility and cell viability rates. Hence, the newly developed electrospun nanofibrous composite scaffold with desirable characteristics might be used as an alternative candidate for bone tissue engineering applications.
Highlights
In clinical applications, every year the bone tissue transplant surgery was increased in number insisting the demand for bone tissue grafts
The morphology and EDS of the electrospun PU, PU/grapeseed oil and PU/grape seed oil/ honey/propolis scaffold were shown in Figs 1 and 2
We presented a fabrication and testing new novel scaffold based on PU added with grape seed oil, honey and propolis using electrospinning technique The diameter of the electrospun PU/grape seed oil and PU/grape seed oil/honey/propolis scaffold were observed to be reduced compared to pristine PU control
Summary
Every year the bone tissue transplant surgery was increased in number insisting the demand for bone tissue grafts. The commercial bone tissue grafts used in the reconstruction of the bone defects were autografts and allografts. Their application in the biomedical applications were reduced owing to many limitations such as increased surgery time, donor site pain, and limited quantity of harvestable bone [1,2,3,4]. It forces the researchers to search for the alternate material (especially artificial tissue scaffolds) as a substitute for bone repair. The scaffold for bone tissue engineering must be biocompatible, porous, enough mechanical strength and proper degradation rate. The developed scaffold must mimic the ECM, to support the tissue structure and cells to adhere and migrate [5, 6]
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