Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive, imaging technique of soft tissues, providing the possibility for three-dimensional, high temporal and spatial resolution imaging. Gadolinium complexes are the most frequently used [Formula: see text]-weighted contrast agents (CAs) to enhance the signal intensity of images. The toxicity of released Gd[Formula: see text] has shifted the attention of researchers to manganese (Mn) oxide nanoparticles (NPs) as a [Formula: see text]-weighted CA. Different phases and shapes of Mn oxide nanostructures with various coatings have been investigated to achieve the highest efficacy and lowest toxicity. In this review, engineering effects of Mn oxide nanostructures on image quality, toxicity and targeting have been studied. Switchable, multimodal imaging and theranostic systems, based on Mn oxide nanostructures, were also reviewed.
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