Abstract
Bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) are produced by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria during growth in vitro and in vivo. MVs are nanoscale vesicular structures with diameters ranging from 20 to 400 nm. MVs incorporate bacterial lipids, proteins, and often nucleic acids, and can effectively stimulate host immune response against bacterial infections. As vaccine candidates and drug delivery systems, MVs possess high biosafety owing to the lack of self-replication ability. However, wild-type bacterial strains have poor MV yield, and MVs from the wild-type strains may be harmful due to the carriage of toxic components, such as lipopolysaccharides, hemolysins, enzymes, etc. In this review, we summarize the genetic modification of vesicle-producing bacteria to reduce MV toxicity, enhance vesicle immunogenicity, and increase vesicle production. The engineered MVs exhibit broad applications in vaccine designs, vaccine delivery vesicles, and drug delivery systems.
Highlights
Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells can produce extracellular membrane vesicles (MVs), which are nanoscale structures secreted by cells during growth and proliferation (Brown et al, 2015; Gill et al, 2019)
This review focuses on the engineering of MV-producing bacteria to attenuate MV toxicity, improve MV immunogenicity, and increase MV production
Intramuscular injection with 50 μg MVs from PA-m14 mutant did not cause any death in BALB/c mice, in contrast 100% of mice challenged with wild-type MVs died after 3 days
Summary
Specialty section: This article was submitted to Microbiotechnology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology. Bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) are produced by both Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria during growth in vitro and in vivo. MVs are nanoscale vesicular structures with diameters ranging from 20 to 400 nm. MVs incorporate bacterial lipids, proteins, and often nucleic acids, and can effectively stimulate host immune response against bacterial infections. As vaccine candidates and drug delivery systems, MVs possess high biosafety owing to the lack of self-replication ability. Wild-type bacterial strains have poor MV yield, and MVs from the wild-type strains may be harmful due to the carriage of toxic components, such as lipopolysaccharides, hemolysins, enzymes, etc. We summarize the genetic modification of vesicle-producing bacteria to reduce MV toxicity, enhance vesicle immunogenicity, and increase vesicle production. The engineered MVs exhibit broad applications in vaccine designs, vaccine delivery vesicles, and drug delivery systems
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