Abstract
A staggering number of nanomaterials-based products are being engineered and produced commercially. Many of these engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are finally disposed into the soil through various routes in enormous quantities. Nanomaterials are also being specially tailored for their use in agriculture as nano-fertilizers, nano-pesticides, and nano-based biosensors, which is leading to their accumulation in the soil. The presence of ENMs considerably affects the soil microbiome, including the abundance and diversity of microbes. In addition, they also influence crucial microbial processes, such as nitrogen fixation, mineralization, and plant growth promoting activities. ENMs conduct in soil is typically dependent on various properties of ENMs and soil. Among nanoparticles, silver and zinc oxide have been extensively prepared and studied owing to their excellent industrial properties and well-known antimicrobial activities. Therefore, at this stage, it is imperative to understand how these ENMs influence the soil microbiome and related processes. These investigations will provide necessary information to regulate the applications of ENMs for sustainable agriculture and may help in increasing agrarian production. Therefore, this review discusses several such issues.
Highlights
Nanotechnology has become an integral part of developing societies due to its evergrowing applications in diverse fields [1,2]
This study has demonstrated that the presence of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in soil may influence the uptake and toxicity of other environmental pollutants
Nanomaterials are nanosized forms of various organic and inorganic compounds with superior desirable properties. These nanomaterials can be engineered or tailored using chemical, physical, or biological methods for their use in various industries and sectors such as agriculture. Since these ENMs are being produced at the industrial scale, they are being released in various environments including soil both intentionally and unintentionally, without evaluation of the risk
Summary
Nanotechnology has become an integral part of developing societies due to its evergrowing applications in diverse fields [1,2]. The use of ENMs in various industries is rapidly increasing; an increasing concentration of these nanomaterials is reaching various environments, including soil [9]. These ENMs are released into the environment at various stages, such as during their synthesis, manufacturing of nano-based products, during usage, and after. The use of ENMs in various industries is rapidly increasing; an increas of 25 ing concentration of these nanomaterials is reaching various environments, including soil [9] These ENMs are released into the environment at various stages, such as during their synthesis, manufacturing of nano-based products, during usage, and after disposal disposal of these products [10].these. The influence of ENMs on plant health, plant microbiome, and soil fertility is briefly discussed
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