Engineered Nanomaterials for Purification and Desalination of Palatable Water

Experience with plate-and-frame ultrafiltration and hyperfiltration systems for desalination of water and purification of waste water

Efforts have been rendered by researchers to address water purification and desalination challenges through membrane separation processes. However, the trade-off phenomenon in permeability and selectivity constrained the membranes’ usage. Recent advances made in fabricating membranes, especially thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes using functionalized nanofillers, have high performance in water purification and desalination. In this review, state-of-the-art thin film composite (TFC) membranes in water purification and desalination along with their drawbacks are discussed. The urgent demands as an alternative of TFC membranes are highlighted for high-performance membranes. Then, the fabrication and development of high permeability and selectivity of TFN membranes are discussed. Thin film nanocomposite membranes manufactured using rational nanofillers are systematically summarized. Finally, the applications of TFN membranes in water purification and desalination are reported.

Electro-deionization (EDI) technology for enhanced water treatment and desalination: A review

In recent years, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are attracting researchers’ attention as they are used globally in wide-ranging applications such as solar and hydrogen storage, fuel cells, lithium batteries, supercapacitors, nanocomposites, gas sensors, pathogens, heavy metals, dyes, pesticides, and water desalination as well as decontamination. This chapter elaborates characteristics and fascinating structures of CNTs, activation of CNT membranes, mechanism of pollutants, and salt removal from water. The CNTs can be effectively used for deionizing light metal salts, to take away organic dyes and enriching heavy metal ions. The CNTs with well-aligned structures can be employed as effective pores in membranes to desalinate and purify the water. The CNTs pores can be modified on the need basis for sensing and refusing the ions. The distinctive nonpolar tip functionalized interior structure of CNTs interacts with the polar water (H2O) molecules and inhibits the pollutants and salts. The noteworthy properties such as energy efficiency, antifoulant, and self-cleaning nature have proven CNTs as a strong candidate compared to the conventional ones. Such distinguished properties and the reusable nature of CNTs, assisted with membrane technology make them a promising candidate in 192the area of water purification and desalination. This chapter will also focus on the current challenges in the commercialization of CNT membranes.

In this century, water scarcity is one of the most crucial issues to be resolved. A practical substitute for resolving this problem is seawater desalination. Membrane-based technologies (e.g., membrane distillation, reverse osmosis, and pervaporation) are compelling and sufficiently proposed for water desalination purposes. However, polymers face some issues like degradation and low penetrability of water and increase energy consumption and overall water desalination costs. 2D nanoporous materials such as graphene oxide, MXenes, metal organic frameworks (MOFs), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), boron nitrides nanosheets, zeolite, MoS2, etc., with large surface area, mechanical strength, and having atomically thin structure are regarded to be the ideal substitution for water purification and desalination. 2D nanomaterials-based membranes have been used to increase the membrane's overall performance in desalination and water purification. Nevertheless, these nanomaterials’ exceptional properties can lower the energy consumption and increase the efficiency for desalination, which led to the immense attempt in fabrication and commercialization. Here, we have discussed the synthesis, properties, and water purification/desalination performance of 2D nanomaterials-based membranes.Keywords2D nanomaterialsMembranesWater desalinationWater purification

In situ amphiphilic modification of thin film composite membrane for application in aqueous and organic solvents

Novel highly stable Guanazole-incorporated ultrathin loose nanofiltration membrane with superior permeability for water desalination and purification

The world's population is growing, leading to an increasing demand for freshwater resources for drinking, sanitation, agriculture, and industry. Interfacial solar steam generation (ISSG) can solve many problems, such as mitigating the power crisis, minimizing water pollution, and improving the purification and desalination of seawater, rivers/lakes, and wastewater. Cellulosic materials are a viable and ecologically sound technique for capturing solar energy that is adaptable to a range of applications. This review paper aims to provide an overview of current advancements in the field of cellulose‐based materials ISSG devices, specifically focusing on their applications in water purification and desalination. This paper examines the cellulose‐based materials ISSG system and evaluates the effectiveness of various cellulosic materials, such as cellulose nanofibers derived from different sources, carbonized wood materials, and two‐dimensional (2D) and 3D cellulosic‐based materials from various sources, as well as advanced cellulosic materials, including bacterial cellulose and cellulose membranes obtained from agricultural and industrial cellulose wastes. The focus is on exploring the potential applications of these materials in ISSG devices for water desalination, purification, and treatment. The function, advantages, and disadvantages of cellulosic materials in the performance of ISSG devices were also deliberated throughout our discussion. In addition, the potential and suggested methods for enhancing the utilization of cellulose‐based materials in the field of ISSG systems for water desalination, purification, and treatment were also emphasized.

Water scarcity is a critical global issue, necessitating efficient water purification and desalination methods. Membrane separation methods are environmentally friendly and consume less energy, making them more economical compared to other desalination and purification methods. This survey explores the application of artificial intelligence (AI) to predict membrane behaviour in water purification and desalination processes. Various AI platforms, including machine learning (ML) and artificial neural networks (ANNs), were utilised to model water flux, predict fouling behaviour, simulate micropollutant dynamics and optimise operational parameters. Specifically, models such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and support vector machines (SVMs) have demonstrated superior predictive capabilities in these applications. This review studies recent advancements, emphasising the superior predictive capabilities of AI models compared to traditional methods. Key findings include the development of AI models for various membrane separation techniques and the integration of AI concepts such as ML and ANNs to simulate membrane fouling, water flux and micropollutant behaviour, aiming to enhance wastewater treatment and optimise treatment and desalination processes. In conclusion, this review summarised the applications of AI in predicting the behaviour of membranes as well as their strengths, weaknesses and future directions of AI in membranes for water purification and desalination processes.

This paper focuses on a a solar energy-based project aimed at water desalination and purification. The project's objective is to establish an economically viable and sustainable approach to water heating and desalination, offering benefits to global communities. The project team has devised a solar heating system utilizing a Fresnel array-inspired setup, intended to complement a desalination system employing membrane distillation, which necessitates water heating. The primary focus has been on designing an efficient solar receiver to absorb solar energy for water heating. Moreover, the team has developed equations for concentrator mirror angles across various days, generating charts indicating optimal mirror angles and spacing between mirror rows for different solar times. Project outcomes involve applying heat transfer loss theory via conduction across individual receiver layers, conducting experiments to assess coating efficiency and receiver performance. The team successfully assembled the system with four parallel mirror rows, spaced at 1.5 feet intervals to minimize shadow casting. The solar receiver features two glass tubes, air gaps held by 3D-printed end caps, and an internal mesh turbulator to enhance heat transfer through flow turbulence. The ultimate objective was to heat water sufficiently for membrane distillation (around 40°-70°C). Experimental testing on a windy day with clouds resulted in a final water temperature of 38°C after 3 hours. Receiver efficiency, calculated by comparing solar energy incident on the pipe to energy transferred to water, was 17.5%. While not within the desired range, these promising results, considering surrounding conditions, deem the project successful in creating an efficient heating system for membrane distillation. Recommendations and improvements are possible, confirming the project as a successful proof of concept.

Desalinated seawater is the primary source of drinking water in Qatar. Among all present desalination technologies, reverse osmosis (RO) has been demonstrated as one of the most feasible processes. However, the main limitation with RO and other membrane-based techniques is costly operation and maintenance associated with membrane scaling, fouling, and degradation. Advanced membranes that enable ultrafast permeation while maintaining good mechanical properties, are very important to facilitate both water purification and desalination technologies. Low-dimensional nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, cellulose nanocrystals and graphene oxide (GO) have been tested in membranes due to their good mechanical properties and amenable surface functionalization. Specifically, GO nanosheets have recently emerged as a new material for ultrathin, high-flux and energy-efficient sieving membranes due to GO's unique two-dimensional atomically thin structure, outstanding mechanical strength and good flexibility, as well as good dispersion in aqueous solutions. However, selectivity and stability of fully wetted GO membranes in cross-flow conditions has remained challenging and solubility of GO can also lead to membrane disintegration under operation conditions. Herein we present MXenes [1], a new class of 2D carbides, as new promising membrane materials for water desalination applications. For this purpose, Ti3C2-based MXene membranes have been prepared by a vacuum-assisted filtration technique. In order to detect the permeated ions and molecules, we have performed electrical conductivity measurements and UV-Vis analyses. The results have shown that MXene membranes are selective towards ions of different size/charge, such as Cu2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, SO42-, and Cl-. The permeation data have also shown a cut-off trend around 4 A, and species of a larger size have been sieved out. The transport mechanism through MXene membrane films has been therefore size and charge selective due to the presence of the interlayer slit pores and the negative charges on the hydrophilic Ti3C2-based MXene film surfaces. In this study, we compare MXene membranes with GO membranes to better understand differences in their water desalination performance. Indeed these novel membrane composites are expected to improve the flux, increase the salt rejection efficiency and decrease adhesion of the adsorbed particulates and organic molecules, thus mitigating fouling. Reference: 1.M. Naguib, V.N. Mochalin, M.W. Barsoum, Y. Gogotsi, MXenes: A New Family of Two-Dimensional Materials, Advanced Materials, 26, 992-1005 (2014)

Desalination Plant form equipment to used for water purifier, This research work is to study the process of water purifying and analyze performance of the desalination plant of PLTGU Semarang with compare with the factory design. Normally, this desalination plant’s main function is to supply raw water and service water, that used to power plant activities.
 Data removal operating parameters influential toward unit performance analysis important activity. Data processing talked about give image and reference about the two of them unit desalination plant performance with the factory design until difference of performance ascertainable and variance parameters to influence as form creative problem solving.
 From this study, it was found that the desalination plant performance at unit 2 is 67,17% and unit 3 is 58,29% in PLGU Semarang, lower than standart at factory design. Difference of performance is caused by some factor. It is recommended continous maintenance to vital equipments is a solution to increase the system performs.
 Keywords : Desalination Plant, Parameters, Performance.
 
 ABSTRAK
 Desalinasi Tanaman peralatan formulir untuk digunakan untuk penjernih air, Karya Penelitian adalah untuk mempelajari proses pemurnian air dan menganalisis kinerja pabrik desalinasi Semarang PLTGU dengan membandingkan dengan desain pabrik. Biasanya, fungsi utama tanaman ini desalinasi adalah untuk memasok air baku dan pelayanan air, yang digunakan untuk kegiatan pembangkit listrik.
 Data parameter operasi yang berpengaruh terhadap aktivitas unit analisis kinerja yang penting penghapusan. Pengolahan data berbicara tentang memberikan gambar dan referensi tentang kinerja pabrik desalinasi dua di antaranya unit dengan desain pabrik sampai perbedaan parameter kinerja dapat diketahui dan varians untuk mempengaruhi sebagai bentuk pemecahan masalah secara kreatif.
 Dari penelitian ini, ditemukan bahwa tanaman desalinasi kinerja di unit 2 adalah 67,17% dan unit 3 adalah 58,29% di Semarang PLGU, lebih rendah dari standar di desain pabrik. Perbedaan kinerja ini disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor. Disarankan pemeliharaan berkesinambungan untuk peralatan penting adalah solusi untuk meningkatkan sistem melakukan.
 Kata Kunci: Desalinasi Tanaman, Parameter, Kinerja.

Synergistic Tandem Solar Electricity-Water Generators

Utilization of plasma in water desalination and purification

Exergy costs analysis of water desalination and purification techniques by transfer functions