Abstract
Introduction: Cartilage injury is the most common injury among orthopedic diseases. The predominant treatment for this condition is cartilage transplantation. Therefore, production of cartilage for treatment is an important strategy in regenerative medicine of cartilage to provide surgeons with an additional option for treatment of cartilage defects. This study aimed to produce in vitro engineered cartilage tissue by culturing and differentiating umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells on biodegradable Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffold.
 Methods: Human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) were isolated and expanded according to previous published protocols. UCMSCs were labeled with CD90 APC‑conjugated monoclonal antibody (CD90-APC) and then seeded onto porous PCL scaffolds. Cell adhesion and proliferation on PCL scaffolds were evaluated based on the strength/signal of APC, MTT assays, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chondrogenic differentiation of UCMSCs on scaffolds was detected by Alcian Blue and Safranin O staining.
 Results: The results showed that UCMSCs successfully adhered, proliferated and differentiated into chondroblasts and chondrocytes on PCL scaffolds. The chondrocyte scaffolds were positive for some markers of cartilage, as indicated by Alcian Blue and Safranin O staining.
 Conclusion: In conclusion, this study showed successful production of cartilage tissues from UCMSCs on PCL scaffolds.
Highlights
Cartilage injury is the most common injury among orthopedic diseases
The results showed that in osteogenesis medium, umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) could accumulate calcium, which can bind to Alizarin Red and form red complexes (Fig. 1B)
Stem cell therapy can provide some benefits for patients with cartilage injury, due to the impact of cartilage degeneration stem cell therapy can barely regenerate injured cartilage tissue
Summary
Cartilage injury is the most common injury among orthopedic diseases. The predominant treatment for this condition is cartilage transplantation. Cartilage lesions (or defects/injury) have been treated by various different strategies, including microfracture (Sledge, 2001; Steadman et al, 1999), autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) (Brittberg et al, 1994; Podskubka et al, 2006), osteochondral allograft transplantion surgery (OATS) (Hangody et al, 1997; Okamoto et al, 2007), and stem cell transplantation (Bui et al, 2014; Nguyen et al, 2017) These treatments have demonstrated some promising results; they have shown some limitations, especially the lack of cartilage tissue for transplantation. It has previously been reported that UCMSCs can adhere to scaffolds based on architecture and the interactions between cell membranes and scaffold surfaces (Guarino et al, 2011)
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