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Abstract
Highly expressible bacteriorhodopsin (HEBR) is a light-triggered protein (optogenetic protein) that has seven transmembrane regions with retinal bound as their chromophore to sense light. HEBR has controllable photochemical properties and regulates activity on proton pumping. In this study, we generated HEBR protein and incubated with lung cancer cell lines (A549 and H1299) to evaluate if there was a growth-inhibitory effect with or without light illumination. The data revealed that the HEBR protein suppressed cell proliferation and induced the G0/G1 cell cycle arrest without light illumination. Moreover, the migration abilities of A549 and H1299 cells were reduced by ~17% and ~31% after incubation with HEBR (40 μg/mL) for 4 h. The Snail-1 gene expression level of the A549 cells was significantly downregulated by ~50% after the treatment of HEBR. In addition, HEBR significantly inhibited the gene expression of Sox-2 and Oct-4 in H1299 cells. These results suggested that the HEBR protein may inhibit cell proliferation and cell cycle progression of lung cancer cells, reduce their migration activity, and suppress some stemness-related genes. These findings also suggested the potential of HEBR protein to regulate the growth and migration of tumor cells, which may offer the possibility for an anticancer drug.
Highlights
The Halophilic archaea are grown in aerobic heterotrophs that dominate hypersaline environments
The data showed that the proliferation of A549 and H1299 cells decreased in a dose-dependent manner after treatment of highly expressible bacteriorhodopsin (HEBR) protein with or Molecules 2021, 26, x FOR PEER REVIEW
The data showed that the proliferation of A549 and H1299 cells decreased in a dose-dependent manner after treatment of HEBR protein with or without green-light illumination
Summary
The Halophilic archaea (haloarchaea) are grown in aerobic heterotrophs that dominate hypersaline environments. The high-yield, functional, and thermally stable BR recombinant protein was successfully produced [14] This photosensitive membrane protein, named highly expressible bacteriorhodopsin (HEBR), was generated in E. coli using a mutated bacteriorhodopsin (BR) from Haloarcula marismortui (HmBRI/D94N) [15], and its structure and biochemical effects were thoroughly evaluated [14,15]. According to our earlier study, the engineered light-sensitive BR proteins can serve as a trigger to influence the mammalian neural stem cells (NSCs) under light exposure [16]. Another type of optogenetic protein, HR, can hyperpolarize or inhibit action potentials during the period of after hyperpolarization in neuron cells [17]. There are only a few studies on the effect of light-sensitive BR proteins on cancer cell behavior under light exposure
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