Abstract
Achieving equitable and sustainable development that supports climate change mitigation targets and avoids biodiversity loss remains a leading, and intractable challenge in many tropical countries. Sectorial thinking – focusing on just one aspect of the problem or system – is increasingly understood to be inadequate to address linked social-ecological challenges. Holistic approaches that incorporate diverse stakeholders across scales, sectors, and knowledge systems are gaining prominence for addressing complex problems. Such ‘integrated landscape approaches’ have received renewed momentum and interest from the research, donor and practitioner communities, and have been subsumed in international conventions related to climate, biodiversity, and sustainable development. However, implementation efforts and tangible evaluation of progress continues to lag behind conceptual development. Failure of landscape approaches to adequately engage diverse stakeholders—in design, implementation and evaluation—is a contributing factor to their poor performance. Here we draw on consultation workshops, advances in the literature, and our collective experience to identify key constraints and opportunities to better engage stakeholders in tropical landscape decision-making processes. Specifically, we ask: (1) what are the key challenges related to effectively engaging multiple stakeholders in integrated landscape approaches and (2) what lessons can be learned from practitioners, and how can these lessons serve as opportunities to avoid duplicating future research efforts or repeating past perceptions of underperformance. We present our findings within three broad categories: (i) navigating complexity, (ii) overcoming siloed thinking, and (iii) incentivizing behavioral change; thus providing a useful starting point for overcoming inherent challenges associated with engaging stakeholders in landscape approaches.
Highlights
The persistent global challenges of poverty, food insecurity, climate change and biodiversity loss must be tackled with global commitments (Koomen et al, 2012)
Variably defined (Erbaugh and Agrawal, 2017; Reed et al, 2017; Scherr et al, 2013), a landscape approach is essentially a governance strategy that brings together multiple stakeholders to identify land-use synergies and balance trade-offs that manifest across scales and sectorial boundaries
Such integrated landscape approaches have recently been embraced by the research, donor and practitioner communities, and have been subsumed in international conventions related to climate (e.g. UNFCCC), biodiversity (e.g. CBD), and development (e.g. SDGs)
Summary
The persistent global challenges of poverty, food insecurity, climate change and biodiversity loss must be tackled with global commitments (Koomen et al, 2012). Variably defined (Erbaugh and Agrawal, 2017; Reed et al, 2017; Scherr et al, 2013), a landscape approach is essentially a governance strategy that brings together multiple stakeholders to identify land-use synergies (e.g. engaging local community members in sustainable supply chain initiatives) and balance trade-offs (e.g. land for food or for conservation) that manifest across scales and sectorial boundaries Such integrated landscape approaches have recently been embraced by the research, donor and practitioner communities, and have been subsumed in international conventions related to climate (e.g. UNFCCC), biodiversity (e.g. CBD), and development (e.g. SDGs). We identified a number of constraints and opportunities facing attempts to engage multiple stakeholders in tropical landscapes that broadly relate to issues of temporality and willingness to adapt, power dynamics and inclusion, and potential to stimulate institutional and behavioral change, which we have categorized below
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