Abstract
Background: There are 4.9 million English Language Learners (ELLs) in the United States. Only 2% of educators are trained to support these vulnerable students. Social robots show promise for language acquisition and may provide valuable support for students, especially as we return to needing smaller classes due to COVID-19. While cultural responsiveness increases gains for ELLs, little is known about the design of culturally responsive child–robot interactions. Method: Therefore, using a participatory design approach, we conducted an exploratory study with 24 Spanish-speaking ELLs at a Pacific Northwest elementary school. As cultural informants, students participated in a 15-min, robot-led, small group story discussion followed by a post-interaction feedback session. We then conducted reflexive critiques with six ELL teachers who reviewed the group interactions to provide further interpretation on design feature possibilities and potential interactions with the robot. Results: Students found the social robot engaging, but many were hesitant to converse with the robot. During post-interaction dialogue students articulated the specific ways in which the social robot appearance and behavior could be modified to help them feel more comfortable. Teachers postulated that the social robot could be designed to engage students in peer-to-peer conversations. Teachers also recognized the ELLs verbosity when discussing their experiences with the robot and suggested such interactions could stimulate responsiveness from students. Conclusion: Cultural responsiveness is a key component to successful education in ELLs. However, integrating appropriate, cultural responsiveness into robot interactions may require participants as cultural informants to ensure the robot behaviors and interactions are situated in that educational community. Utilizing a participatory approach to engage ELLs in design decisions for social robots is a promising way to gather culturally responsive requirements to inform successful child–robot interactions.
Highlights
English Language Learners (ELLs) are the most rapidly growing subgroup of public school students across the United States—the number of ELLs grew by roughly 60% over the past decade [1]
A participatory, human-centered approach is appropriate given the diversity of ELLs and the need to co-design robot interactions to be responsive to their cultural backgrounds
Overall the children appeared engaged and excited to interact with the Nao robot
Summary
English Language Learners (ELLs) are the most rapidly growing subgroup of public school students across the United States—the number of ELLs grew by roughly 60% over the past decade [1]. There are 4.9 million English Language Learners (ELLs) in the United States. 33% of students in the United States, more than 19.8 million children, speak a language other than English at home [1]. About half of these students are officially classified as English Language Learners (ELLs), which signals they have not yet met the established English proficiency requirements [10]. While many ELLs are themselves immigrants, the majority of ELLs are second-generation immigrants who were born in the United States and do not speak
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