Abstract
For energy-neutral operation (ENO) of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), we apply a wireless powered communication network (WPCN) to a WSN with a hierarchical structure. In this hierarchical wireless powered sensor network (WPSN), sensor nodes with high harvesting energies and good link budgets have energy remaining after sending their data to the cluster head (CH), whereas the CH suffers from energy scarcity. Thus, we apply the simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) technique to the considered WPSN so that the sensor nodes can transfer their remaining energy to the CH while transmitting data in a cooperative manner. To maximize the achievable rate of sensing data while guaranteeing ENO, we propose a novel ENO framework, which provides a frame structure for SWIPT operation, rate improvement subject to ENO, SWIPT ratio optimization, as well as clustering and CH selection algorithm. The results of extensive simulations demonstrate that the proposed ENO based on SWIPT significantly improves the achievable rate and reduces the energy dissipated in the network while guaranteeing ENO, in comparison with the conventional schemes without SWIPT.
Highlights
With the emergence of energy harvesting (EH) techniques, sensors can be equipped with EH modules to acquire additional energy from the ambient resources (i.e., solar radiation, wind, vibrations, radio-frequency (RF) power, etc.) Such EH sensors do not break down due to energy shortages as long as the energy consumption is less than the harvested energy, so they can operate perpetually with a desired performance level, which is called energy neutral operation (ENO) [1].According to the controllability of energy sources, ENO approaches can be classified as ambient energy harvesting (AEH) or wireless power transfer (WPT)
We evaluated the performance by adjusting the number of nodes in the network, number of clusters, and network size in appropriate ranges
We proposed a novel ENO framework based on simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) in a hierarchical wireless powered sensor network (WPSN)
Summary
With the emergence of energy harvesting (EH) techniques, sensors can be equipped with EH modules to acquire additional energy from the ambient resources (i.e., solar radiation, wind, vibrations, radio-frequency (RF) power, etc.) Such EH sensors do not break down due to energy shortages as long as the energy consumption is less than the harvested energy, so they can operate perpetually with a desired performance level, which is called energy neutral operation (ENO) [1]. According to the controllability of energy sources, ENO approaches can be classified as ambient energy harvesting (AEH) or wireless power transfer (WPT). WPT uses a controllable RF power source, such as a power beacon and hybrid access point (HAP) (While a power beacon only acts as a power transmitter, a HAP acts as both a power transmitter and a communication gateway.) Various radio resources (e.g., time, bandwidth, waveform, antennas, etc.) can be controlled to transfer the RF
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