Abstract
Nowadays, industrial symbiosis (IS) is recognized as a key strategy to support the transition toward the circular economy. IS deals with the (re)use of wastes produced by a production process as a substitute for traditional production inputs of other traditionally disengaged processes. In this context, this paper provides a systematic literature review on the energy-based IS approach, i.e., IS synergies aimed at reducing the amount of energy requirement from outside industrial systems or the amount of traditional fuels used in energy production. This approach is claimed as effective aimed at reducing the use of traditional fuels in energy production, thus promoting a circular energy transition. 682 papers published between 1997 and 2018 have been collected, and energy-based IS cases have been identified among 96 of these. As a result of the literature review, three categories of symbiotic synergies have been identified: (1) energy cascade; (2) fuel replacement; and (3) bioenergy production. Through the review, different strategies to implement energy-based IS synergies are highlighted and discussed for each of the above-mentioned categories. Furthermore, drivers, barriers, and enablers of business development in energy-based IS are discussed from the technical, economic, regulatory, and institutional perspective. Accordingly, future research directions are recommended.
Highlights
The global energy consumption has more than doubled from 1960 to 2014 (Fig. 1), due to the combined effect of growth in population and in per capita energy consumption (Fig. 2), and it is continuing to grow (e.g., Ganivet 2019; Smil 2016; The World Bank 2017)
Fact, global energy demand rose by 2.1% in 2017, more than twice the growth rate in 2016, and it is expected to further rise by 30% until 2040 (International Energy Agency 2017a, b, 2018; The World Bank 2017)
Such production is responsible for more than 60% of the CO2 emissions worldwide (International Energy Agency 2017a), which are recognized as the main cause of global warming (IPCC 2014)
Summary
The global energy consumption has more than doubled from 1960 to 2014 (Fig. 1), due to the combined effect of growth in population and in per capita energy consumption (Fig. 2), and it is continuing to grow (e.g., Ganivet 2019; Smil 2016; The World Bank 2017). In. fact, global energy demand rose by 2.1% in 2017, more than twice the growth rate in 2016, and it is expected to further rise by 30% until 2040 (International Energy Agency 2017a, b, 2018; The World Bank 2017). Over 80% of the energy is produced by fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas Such production is responsible for more than 60% of the CO2 emissions worldwide (International Energy Agency 2017a), which are recognized as the main cause of global warming (IPCC 2014). In order to achieve this goal, the amount of energy produced from fossil fuels must be drastically reduced
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