Abstract
Energy efficiency and renewable energy solutions in buildings is an important and actual research topic. Operating and fixed costs of sustainable energy solutions can be reduced by using optimization models. We developed a novel optimization model and applied it for a mixed-type building with commercial, office, and residential parts in Finland. The model determines the optimal configuration, dimensioning, and operation of different local energy production and storage technologies for power, heat, and cooling. The model is formulated as a large dynamic linear or mixed-integer linear programming model (LP/MILP) for a full year. The result shows that district heating, district cooling, energy storage, heat pumps, and photovoltaics as a hybrid solution for a building can both reduce the combined operating and fixed costs annually by 27100€, and support meeting the nearly Zero Energy Building requirements with E-value limit of 107 kWh/m2/a. Photovoltaics can be profitable when consumed maximally at the building. While heat and cooling storages are cost-efficient for balancing demand and supply, power storages are still too expensive. District heating and heat pump heating worked synergetically together, but district cooling and heat pump cooling were mutually exclusive choices at nearly equal cost.
Highlights
IntroductionImproved energy efficiency can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and lower energy costs on a household and economy-wide level [1,2]
This means that District cooling (DC) and heat pump for cooling (HPC) are mutually exclusive alternatives for cooling the building
The results of the case study showed that hybrid energy solutions in the building can support reaching the nearly zero-energy building (nZEB) requirements while reducing total energy costs
Summary
Improved energy efficiency can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and lower energy costs on a household and economy-wide level [1,2]. By the EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, nearly zero-energy building (nZEB) means a building with very high energy performance. The required energy should be covered mainly by renewable sources [3]. The majority of Member States have a completed national nZEB definition in force. Most of the provided reports include an energy indicator of primary energy use and include the obligation to cover a minimum energy demand share from renewable sources [4]. Energy consumption and power demand should remain low, and the energy consumption must be monitored [5]
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