Abstract

This book chapter discusses the topochemical synthesis of blue titanium oxide (b-TiO2) and their application as electrode material for supercapacitor devices in aqueous and organic electrolytes. The formation mechanism of b-TiO2 via topochemical synthesis and their characterization using X-ray diffraction, UV–visible, photoluminescence, electron spin resonance spectroscopy, laser Raman spectrum, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and morphological studies (FESEM and HR-TEM) are discussed in detail. The supercapacitive properties of b-TiO2 electrode were studied using both aqueous (Na2SO4) and organic (TEABF4) electrolytes. The b-TiO2 based symmetric-type supercapacitor (SC) device using TEABF4 works over a wide voltage window (3 V) and delivered a high specific capacitance (3.58 mF cm−2), possess high energy density (3.22 μWh cm−2) and power density (8.06 mW cm−2) with excellent cyclic stability over 10,000 cycles. Collectively, this chapter highlighted the use of b-TiO2 sheets as an advanced electrode for 3.0 V supercapacitors.

Highlights

  • The invent of graphene and graphene-like two dimensional materials has created great interest in the exploration of other two-dimensional materials family which includes hexagonal boron nitride, graphitic carbon nitride, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), layered metal-oxides/double hydroxides, MXenes, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), covalentorganic frameworks (COFs), polymers, black phosphorus (BP), siloxene/silicenes, and metallenes [1–7]

  • We have focused on preparing the 2D sheet like blue titanium oxide via liquid phase topochemical reaction on titanium boride

  • In this book chapter we have demonstrated the preparation of the blue titanium oxide via topochemical reduction of titanium boride in hydrofluoric acid via hydrothermal process

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Summary

Introduction

The invent of graphene and graphene-like two dimensional materials has created great interest in the exploration of other two-dimensional materials family which includes hexagonal boron nitride, graphitic carbon nitride, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), layered metal-oxides/double hydroxides, MXenes (transition metal carbides/nitrides), metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), covalentorganic frameworks (COFs), polymers, black phosphorus (BP), siloxene/silicenes, and metallenes [1–7]. The topochemical route can be classified depends on the reaction methodologies such as adding, extracting or substituting elements to/from the source materials to form the new materials with the retention of the structure/morphology of source material [11] This type of preparation technique adopts the “corner-overtaking” route, which circumvents the hindrances of direct synthesis through chemical reaction to multi-level steps synthesis [11]. In this aspect, the topochemical preparation route is utilized to synthesize the high value added 2D materials which are difficult to process. Upon completion of the hydrothermal process, the blue color precipitate is washed with double distilled water/ethanol and dried at 80°C for 12 h to obtain the blue TiO2 nanosheets

Physicochemical characterization of the blue TiO2 nanosheets
Preparation of electrode for electrochemical characterization
Half-cell characterization of blue titanium oxide electrode
Full-cell characterization of blue titanium oxide symmetric supercapacitor
Conclusion
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