Energy poverty: The paradox between low income and increasing household energy consumption in Brazil

Abstract

Energy consumption can put a heavy burden on the family budget of the low-income population; many families cannot afford enough energy for their subsistence, comfort and leisure. The aim of this research was to understand the behavioral factors of a vulnerable population associated with their energy consumption. The research relates actual energy consumption data to spatial modifications of social households, to indoor thermal conditions, and to residents' behavior. The results showed that energy consumption has increased over the years. The main factors associated with the amount of energy used are: expansion of the built area, number of occupants, quantity of equipment (state of use and energy efficiency), time of the year (summer), and family composition. Of the sample, 51.0% consumed over 100.0 kWh per month (latest figure from August 2021) and enjoyed the minimum 10.0% discount of the National Social Tariff, while only 4.7% enjoyed the maximum discount of 65.0%; it seems that fully enjoying the subsidy offered by the government is unattainable for the low-income population. It is noteworthy that 37.6% of the sample is highly vulnerable and yet consume as much energy as households in a situation of energy security.