Energy, nutrient and food content of snacks in French adults

Wendy Si Hassen,Aurélie Lampuré,Christine Tichit,Anouar Nechba,Pauline Ducrot,Sandrine Péneau,Caroline Méjean,France Bellisle,Katia Castetbon,Serge Hercberg

doi:10.1186/s12937-018-0336-z

Abstract

BackgroundSnacking raises concern since it may lead to an additional energy intake and poor nutrient quality. A snacking occasion can be defined as any eating occasion apart from main meals, regardless of the amount or type of foods consumed. We described the frequency of snacking occasions according to daily timing in French adults, and compared them between each other, and with the main meals, in terms of energy intake, energy and nutrient density, and food content.MethodsThis cross-sectional analysis included 104,265 adults from the NutriNet-Santé cohort. Food intake was estimated using 24-h records of weekdays. For each eating occasion, nutrient density and energy content and density were computed.ResultsAfter weighting, 47.6% of our sample were men and mean age was 45.6 (15.3). Overall, 68% of participants ate at least one snack during the reported record, mainly in the morning or afternoon. Overall snack had a lower nutrient density [22.8 (SD = 278.3)] than main meals [25.8 (36.9) to 30.0 (30.4)]; but higher energy density [222.2 (163.3) kcal/100 g] than meals [133.9 (57.3) to 175.9 (99.6) kcal/100 g]. Morning snack was the snacking occasion with the lowest energy density [211 kcal/100 g], the lowest energy intake [104.1 kcal] and the highest nutrient density [60.1]. Afternoon and evening snacks had the highest energy loads [192.4 kcal and 207.6 kcal], but low nutrient scores [16 and 13, respectively]. The main food groups contributing to energy intake from snacks were fatty-sweet and sugary foods, fruit, hot beverages, and bread.ConclusionsOur findings highlight the frequency of snacking and the varying nutritional quality of snacks over the day. The morning snack was shown to be healthier than afternoon and evening snacks.Trial registrationThis study was conducted according to guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki, and all procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the French Institute for Health and Medical Research (IRB Inserm No. 0000388FWA00005831) and the French Data Protection Authority (Commission Nationale Informatique et Libertés No. 908450 and No. 909216). Electronic informed consent was obtained from all participants (Clinical Trial no. NCT03335644).

Highlights

Snacking raises concern since it may lead to an additional energy intake and poor nutrient quality
The highest values for energy intake from snacks and the lowest scores for nutrient density were found for afternoon, evening and late-night snacks while the morning snack showed the lowest mean energy load, the lowest mean energy density and the highest nutrient density score (Table 2)
The highest contribution of sweetened drinks to energy intake from beverages was observed in the afternoon snack (34%) and the highest contribution of alcoholic beverages to energy intake from beverages was observed for the evening snack (27%) (Table 4)

Summary

Introduction

Snacking raises concern since it may lead to an additional energy intake and poor nutrient quality. In a study conducted in the United States among working adults in 2010– 2013 [21], energy intake from snacks came mainly from desserts and sweets, chips, crackers and fruits, while the major contributors to energy intake in Finnish adults in 2002 were sweet bakery goods, bread and milk products [18]. Such differences highlight the importance of social and cultural contexts in snacking practices. Up until now, no study has explored together the nutrient content, energy density and food group intake associated with snacking according to time of day

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