Abstract
This paper develops new practical rule-based energy management systems (EMSs) for typical grid-connected houses with solar photovoltaic (PV) and battery by considering different rates for purchasing and selling electricity. The EMSs are developed to supply the household’s loads and reduce operating costs of the system based on different options of flat and time-of-use (ToU) rates for buying and selling electricity prices. Four different options are evaluated and compared in this study: (1) Flat-Flat, (2) ToU-Flat, (3) Flat-ToU, and (4) ToU-ToU. The operation cost is calculated based on the electricity exchange with the main grid, the equivalent cost of PV generation, as well as the degradation cost of battery storage. The operation of the grid-connected house with rooftop solar PV and battery is evaluated for a sunny week in summer and a cloudy week in winter to investigate the proper performance for high and low generations of PV. While the developed rule-based EMS are generic and can be applied for any case studies, a grid-connected house in Australia is examined. For this purpose, real data of solar radiation, air temperature, electricity consumption, and electricity rates are used. It is found that the ToU-Flat option has the lowest operating cost for the customers.
Highlights
The results showed that a hybrid renewable energy system was more attractive than a conventional system after price reduction of the battery
The proposed energy management systems (EMSs) updated the power flow based on the PV generation, and based on the electricity price
An important feature of the developed rule-based EMSs was their practicality which means that they could be employed for the customers
Summary
Especially solar energy, have been rapidly developed globally in the past decade. The installation of small-scale rooftop solar PV in 2019 reached 2.2 GW, which exceeds the previous record of 1.6 GW in 2018 [5] With such a high penetration of renewable energy resources in the world, several problems have been revealed including variability and intermittency [6,7]. A reasonable control of the energy resources and storage system faces new challenges which are of a high complexity To address this issue, an effective energy management system (EMS) is an essential feature for RES to be of the highest economic benefit for consumers [10]. In South Australia (SA), an area with a high penetration of solar PV, the feed-in-tariff (FiT) is almost three times lower than the retail price (RP) [11] This reduces the household’s revenue when excess solar PV energy is sold to the grid [12]. Increasing the penetration level of solar PV and battery energy storage, as well as different prices for exchange electricity tariffs are the motivations for the researchers to develop new EMSs
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