Abstract
To realize the win-win benefits and resource coordination of the multilevel operating entities of a “microgrid cluster (MGC), microgrid (MG) and user” and improve the self-consumption of new energy in the MGC, this paper proposes an energy trading model and solution algorithm of an “MGC, MG and user” based on a multi-agent-system, incentive demand response, and hierarchical Stackelberg game theory. By analyzing the game objectives and strategies of these participants, the unique Stackelberg equilibrium (SE) of the hierarchical Stackelberg game is proved theoretically. The game optimization process is divided into two levels. In the upper-level game, the MGC as a leader stimulates the MG to participate in intracluster dispatching by establishing an internal price incentive mechanism. As the follower, the MG determines the number of electricity transactions based on the realized internal price to maximize its own profits. In the lower-level game, the MG leads the game by deciding electricity selling prices based on the load demands of users, and the user as follower adjust electricity consumption using strategies to balance expenditure and experience of electricity usage. Simulation results verified the effectiveness and good convergence of the proposed method and demonstrated that the proposed hierarchical game strategy can improve the economic benefits of each participant, which is conducive to the establishment of friendly grid-connected MGC.
Highlights
With the development of smart grid and renewable energy technologies, microgrid (MG) projects have been vigorously developed
When the hierarchical Stackelberg game reaches the Stackelberg equilibrium, the microgrid cluster agent (MGCA) can no longer improve its own benefits by changing the price of electricity purchased and sold in the microgrid cluster (MGC), the microgrid agent (MGA) can no longer independently change the price of electricity sold or adjust the transaction electricity to improve its own utility benefits, and the user agent (UA) can no longer improve its own utility benefits by individually changing the load power value, which can be expressed as follows:
This paper established a hierarchical Stackelberg game model based on a multi-agent system, including the balanced decision-making of the three stakeholders of the MGC, MG, and user
Summary
With the development of smart grid and renewable energy technologies, microgrid (MG) projects have been vigorously developed. The MGCA needs to set up a reasonable internal purchase and sale price system based on the purchase and sale price of the large grid In this way, the MGA is encouraged to prioritize electricity trading within the MGC, improve the power mutual aid level of each MG, and improve the level of power consumption in the MGC. The MGA is encouraged to prioritize electricity trading within the MGC, improve the power mutual aid level of each MG, and improve the level of power consumption in the MGC Utilizing their own subjective initiative, multi-agents coordinate to achieve the established goals and benefits of MGCA, MGAs, and UA, which is more in line with the true operating status of the MG and MGC. When the MGCA cannot absorb the unbalanced amount of source and load through internal mutual aid, the MGCA can make up for the surplus and lack of electricity by trading with the UGA
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