Abstract
Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) should control the energy management between two energy sources for fuel economy, using the stored energy in a battery or generation of energy through a fuel cell system. The fuel economy for an FCV includes trip costs for hydrogen consumption and the lifetime of two energy sources. This paper proposes an implementable energy management control strategy for an FCV to reduce trip costs. The concept of the proposed control strategy is first to analyze the allowable current of a fuel cell system from the optimal strategies for various initial battery state of charge (SOC) conditions using dynamic programming (DP), and second, to find a modulation ratio determining the current of a fuel cell system for driving a vehicle using the particle swarm optimization method. The control strategy presents the on/off moment of a fuel cell system and the proper modulation ratio of the turned-on fuel cell system with respect to the battery SOC and the power demand. The proposed strategy reduces trip costs in real-time, similar to the DP-based optimal strategy, and more than the simple energy control strategy of switching a fuel cell system on/off at the battery SOC boundary conditions even for long-term driving cycles.
Highlights
The depletion of limited fossil fuels and pollution caused by fossil energy usage have forced the fuel economy and exhaust gas regulations, presenting a new generation for ecofriendly and high-efficiency vehicles that alternate fossil energy to electric energy [1]
The proposed energy management strategy (EMS) shows the other hand, trip costs of the proposed EMS are similar to those good performance for the low initial battery state of charge (SOC), which requires fast operation of the fuel cell system
This paper proposes an energy management control strategy to reduce trip costs of a fuel cell vehicle driving with two power sources: a fuel cell system and a battery
Summary
The depletion of limited fossil fuels and pollution caused by fossil energy usage have forced the fuel economy and exhaust gas regulations, presenting a new generation for ecofriendly and high-efficiency vehicles that alternate fossil energy to electric energy [1]. Battery performance remains insufficient as an alternative to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, owing to short driving distances and long charging times [2]. A fuel cell vehicle (FCV) reduces the battery size by self-generating electricity, increases driving distance (100 km per 1 kg hydrogen [4]), and requires a short charging time by charging hydrogen, instead of electricity. The problem of an FCV is an energy management strategy (EMS) between a battery and a fuel cell, i.e., deciding whether to use stored electricity in a battery or to generate electricity with a fuel cell system [5,6]. The EMS determines the fuel efficiency and fuel cell operating efficiency, which affects the required battery power and battery size. The optimal EMS for an FCV typically focuses on the efficient operating range of the fuel cell and the optimization of battery sizing [5–9]
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