Energy loss, range, path length, time-of-flight, straggling, multiple scattering, and nuclear interaction probability: In Two Parts. Part 1. For 63 Compounds Part 2. For Elements 1 ≤ Z ≤ 92

Abstract

Extensive tables have been prepared of the mean energy loss, pathlength, range, multiple scattering, pathlength straggling, time-of-flight, and nonelastic collision probability for protons of energy from 1 keV through 10 GeV in all elements having atomic number from 1 through 92, and in many compounds and mixtures. Emphasis has been placed on obtaining accurate results, particularly in the difficult low-energy and high-atomic-number regions. The accuracies of all proton range-energy parameters are tabulated. The energy loss below 20 keV was found by normalizing theoretical expressions for the ionization, excitation, and nuclear contributions to known values at 20 keV. The energy loss between 20 keV and 1.0 MeV was obtained by statistically evaluating the accuracy of the available experimental information and then performing least-squares curve fits. Above 1.0 MeV, the Bethe equation with all necessary corrections was used. New values of the adjusted ionization potentials were determined by least-squares-fitting the Bethe equation to all available energy-loss data. The polarization effect was calculated in detail for each material. Path-lengths were calculated by integrating the reciprocal of the energy losses. Ranges were obtained by use of multiple Coulomb scattering theory. The straggling calculations include electronic, elastic nuclear, and charge exchange effects. The literature search was completed in June 1979. Keys for the references used for each element are collected in Table 12. A comparison of the calculational methods used here and in other recent proton range-energy tables is presented in Table 14.