Abstract
A major challenge with current wearable electronics and e-textiles, including sensors, is power supply. As an alternative to batteries, energy can be harvested from various sources using garments or other textile products as a substrate. Four different energy-harvesting mechanisms relevant to smart textiles are described in this review. Photovoltaic energy harvesting technologies relevant to textile applications include the use of high efficiency flexible inorganic films, printable organic films, dye-sensitized solar cells, and photovoltaic fibers and filaments. In terms of piezoelectric systems, this article covers polymers, composites/nanocomposites, and piezoelectric nanogenerators. The latest developments for textile triboelectric energy harvesting comprise films/coatings, fibers/textiles, and triboelectric nanogenerators. Finally, thermoelectric energy harvesting applied to textiles can rely on inorganic and organic thermoelectric modules. The article ends with perspectives on the current challenges and possible strategies for further progress.
Highlights
With their ability to provide fabrics and garments with sensing, actuating, and/or adaptive functions in response to a wide range of stimuli, wearable electronics and smart/etextiles have found a place in an increasing number of applications and commercial products
Other researchers improved the traditional hydrofluoric acid (HF)-enabled epitaxial lift-off (ELO) technique by using a HF-resistant p-ohmic contact based on AuBe/Pt/Au and coating the flexible substrate with a Cr/Au bilayer to facilitate the transfer from the gallium arsenide (GaAs) substrate [26]
Various designs have been proposed for piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENG) with the level of miniaturization desired for smart textiles and the level of actuation associated with human motion
Summary
With their ability to provide fabrics and garments with sensing, actuating, and/or adaptive functions in response to a wide range of stimuli, wearable electronics and smart/etextiles have found a place in an increasing number of applications and commercial products. There has been an effort to develop conformal and lightweight power generation and storage devices such as flexible or elastic batteries and supercapacitors [13]. They have not reached the capacity of traditional batteries yet. Fabrics and clothing benefit from several advantages as an energy harvesting medium: they offer a large surface area and, in the case of clothing and many other applications; they are in intimate contact with the body. The human body asan well asacother cess to the thermal and mechanical energy generated by the human body [15], as well as sources of renewable energy such as the sun [14] They are lightweight, flexible, other sources of breathable.
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