Abstract
This review seeks to provide a better understanding of energy used in the urban water system in China. Electricity is a major contributor to the environmental impact of water supply and wastewater treatment, particularly in countries like China where electricity is largely generated using coal and has a significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions. Electricity use can also constitute one of the main costs for water and wastewater companies. China is an important country for the study of energy for water, particularly in urban areas where population is rapidly increasing. China's daily wastewater treatment capacity has increased dramatically over the last decade and a half, and energy use for both wastewater treatment and potable water supply has grown significantly. This paper deals with the challenge of energy for water in China. It reviews the growing body of work on energy for conventional water supply and wastewater treatment in urban China. The review covers energy for all parts of conventional water supply and wastewater treatment, including energy for sourcing, treating and distributing groundwater and surface water, and energy for primary and secondary treatment and sludge treatment and disposal.
Highlights
Introduction ment capacity approximately doubled between2007 and 2013[8] and energy use for wastewater treatment almost doubled betweenThe water-energy nexus is the study of the connection between 2008 and 2013.[9]
1000 kWh of electricity generated in the Shanghai area, The main objective of this paper is to review the current status of
The majority of water withdrawn in China is surface water,[14] with use of groundwater being more common in northern provinces
Summary
An average of 0.29 kWh was required to supply one cubic metre of water to urban areas of China in 2011.[11] This equates to 33.2 kWh for each person using water supplied through the country’s central water distribution systems.[11] A total of 1.04 × 1010 kWh for the supply of water to urban areas was used, which was equivalent to 0.22% of China’s total electricity consumption.[11] These indicators are shown alongside wastewater indicators in Table 1.
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