Energy flexibility potential associated with thermal uses in prototypes of Italian single-family buildings.

Abstract

Abstract The transition towards renewable distributed generation and the electrification of consumption will increasingly enhance energy flexibility strategies aimed at promoting self-consumption, energy sharing, and optimizing grid operation. Residential thermal loads can also contribute to these objectives, and this study aims to provide new insights in this regard. The study, based on dynamic load simulation, extends to three types of building-system setups (existing, renovated, and nearly zero-energy) in three climatic contexts (Milan, Rome, and Palermo). Characterization of the flexibility potential associated with building thermal inertia is based on appropriate indicators (Flexibility Index and Peak Load Reduction Factor) comparing consumption profiles associated with two types of internal temperature setpoint control: standard and flexible. The latter is modelled predictively, based on a penalty curve and predicted climatic conditions. Two penalty datasets are considered to represent the perspectives of the energy distributor (DSO) and the operator of a Renewable Energy Community (CER) with photovoltaic installations. The results show how the technological characteristics of building structures can influence the building’s flexibility potential. The greatest benefits are observed during the heating phase and in renovated buildings, which manage to ensure good load shifting capability and significant peak load reduction (up to 60-80%). It is interesting to note that in more efficient buildings, a large portion of flexibility potential can be achieved through energy efficiency solutions, even without flexible control.