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Abstract
Globally, the agriculture sector consumes a considerable portion of energy. Optimizing energy consumption and energy loss from different fuel-based types of machinery will increase the energy sustainability of this sector. Exergy analysis is a useful optimizing method that applies the thermodynamic approach to minimize energy loss. The main goal of this study is to highlight the impact of exergy loss on the energy sustainability of the agriculture sector. Hence, this study focuses on the implementation of exergy-based sustainability parameters to determine the sustainability of the agricultural sector in Bangladesh. A comprehensive analysis combining energy, exergy, and sustainability indicators was conducted based on the data obtained from 1990 to 2017. Overall energy and exergy efficiencies varied between 29.86% and 36.68% and 28.2% and 35.4%, respectively, whereas the sustainability index varied between 1.39 and 1.54. The values of relative irreversibility and lack of productivity indices from diesel fuel are higher than that of other fuel types. Maximum relative irreversibility is 0.95, whereas maximum lack of productivity is 2.50. The environmental effect factor of diesel fuel is the highest (2.47) among all the analyzed fuel types. Replacing old farming devices and selecting appropriate farming methods, appliances, and control systems will reduce exergy loss in this sector.
Highlights
Energy is the ultimate indicator for determining the advancement of a society
Exergy can be interpreted as the topmost useful form of energy that can be obtained from a system when it proceeds to a final state in equilibrium with surroundings [4]
Ahamed et al identified the losses associated with the machinery used in the agricultural sector in Malaysia [4]
Summary
Energy is the ultimate indicator for determining the advancement of a society. A continuous and reliable supply of energy is essential for ensuring sustainable development [1]. Increasing the energy efficiency of processes and demand-side energy management can play a vital role in reducing energy loss and overdependence on fossil fuels. Reistad’s analysis has since been applied globally to determine sectoral energy and exergy efficiencies. Zhang et al applied exergy analysis in the Chinese agricultural sector [7]. In previous studies based on the agricultural sector, the operating efficiency of lorries and tractors (22%) was assumed similar to that of Reistad [6]. Bligh and Ugursal aimed to update Reistad’s efficiencies for various transportation modes [14] Based on their findings, this analysis assumes that the operating efficiency for lorries and tractors is 28%. Improving the exergy efficiency of this sector can help toward increasing sustainability and proper energy conservation
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