Abstract
Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is a crucial technology used in many IoT applications such as healthcare, asset tracking, logistics, supply chain management, assembly, manufacturing, and payment systems. Nonetheless, RFID-based IoT applications have many security and privacy issues restricting their use on a large scale. Many authors have proposed lightweight RFID authentication schemes based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) with a low-cost implementation to solve these issues. Finite-field multiplication are at the heart of these schemes, and their implementation significantly affects the system’s overall performance. This article presents a formal methodology for developing a word-based serial-in/serial-out semisystolic processor that shares hardware resources for multiplication and squaring operations in GF(2n). The processor concurrently executes both operations and hence reduces the execution time. Furthermore, sharing the hardware resources provides savings in the area and consumed energy. The acquired implementation results for the field size n=409 indicate that the proposed structure achieves a significant reduction in the area–time product and consumed energy over the previously published designs by at least 32.3% and 70%, respectively. The achieved results make the proposed design more suitable to realize cryptographic primitives in resource-constrained RFID devices.
Highlights
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a new paradigm that connects a significant number of objects—such as wearable devices, sensors, smartphones, smart meters, and vehicles—to the Internet [1]
We developed the bit-level version of the bipartite multiplication and squaring algorithm to have its regular iterative form; We obtained the Dependence Graph (DG) of the developed algorithm to help in extracting the unified hardware module; We obtained a nonlinear scheduling function to allocate a time value to each node of the DG; We developed a nonlinear projection function to map the DG nodes to the corresponding Processing Element (PE) in the extracted processor core
The execution time complexity was evaluated in terms of the latency and Critical Path Delay (CPD)
Summary
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a new paradigm that connects a significant number of objects—such as wearable devices, sensors, smartphones, smart meters, and vehicles—to the Internet [1]. They use the reader to trigger a response from the tag They have a limited storage memory, a lower cost, a longer lifespan, and a shorter communication range than the other classes. They work to passive tags by using the reader to trigger a response from the tag They have a more extensive memory storage, a higher cost, a lower lifespan, and a longer communication range than passive tags. Active tags are powered by batteries and use two-way communication between the reader and the tag They have a larger size and greater computing capabilities compared to the passive and semipassive tags. Due to the distinctive feature of contactless and automatic object identification, RFID technology is widely used in many IoT applications for delivering intelligent services. We should apply essential and effective security solutions to protect RFID-based IoT applications
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