Abstract
Conventionally, sink node is considered to have large hardware and energy resources; however, many times sink node is working in same conditions as source nodes, especially when deployed for monitoring of the snow environment. In this paper, an effort has been made to practically realize a sink node which is energy efficient and cost effective for monitoring applications. To save energy, the Main Power Module is designed to provide controlled powers to sensors and sub-modules. The paper discusses design aspects of the sink node and its long-term field evaluation with environmental sensors, especially the Snow Depth Sensor of MaxBotix. Field performance of Snow Depth Sensor has been enhanced by Euclidean Minimum Distance filter which improved the correlation of data to 0.997. The proposed design helps to achieve energy consumption of 42.72mWh which is significantly lower than the previous work. The reliable working of the sink node in the long-term field evaluation indicates that snow environment can be monitored at less expense of energy by employing proposed sensors and the specially designed sink node.
Highlights
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been conceptualized as the collection of large number of inexpensive nodes which have huge potential to monitor the environmental parameters at low cost
The communication module onboard WSN node has small range, so by utilizing various energy efficient routing protocols (Heinzelman, Chandrakasan, & Balakrishnan, 2000; Manjeshwar, & Agrawal, 2001; Heinzelman, Chandrakasan, & Balakrishnan, 2002; Manjeshwar, & Agrawal, 2002; Chen et al, 2008; Kandris at al., 2009; Pantazis, Nikolidakis, & Vergados, 2013; Yang, & Cardei, 2010), the raw/ aggregated data are sent to the neighboring node, sink node or directly to the central station (Al-Karaki, Ul-Mustafa, & Kamal, 2004)
This paper reported the development of S-Node which is designed around COTS shields and open-source Arduino-IDE
Summary
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been conceptualized as the collection of large number of inexpensive nodes which have huge potential to monitor the environmental parameters at low cost. Fisher, & Kebede (2010) had proposed microcontroller-based system for crop monitoring They developed an automated system based on PIC16F88 with solid-state components for handling clock/calendar, sensor power, and data storage and retrieval functions. The previous designs were either restricted on the number of sensors for specific purpose or consumed relatively higher energy and their systems were evaluated at the ambient temperatures of more than 15oC (Gutierrez et al, 2014; Yan, Sun, & Qian, 2013; Bengherbia et al, 2016; Fisher, & Kebede, 2010; Yang, & Tian, 2013).
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