Abstract
In the complex of measures for energy saving, partial replacement and reduction of consumption of fossil energy and electricity, water heating solar installations for heating systems have long been in practice for small energy facilities. Solar energy is one of the most dynamically developing directions of use of renewable energy sources, especially the introduction of which are associated with climatic conditions and technical requirements of their application. The territory of Russia is located mainly in the cold climatic zone and in regions with a sharply continental climate in which the operation of water heating solar plants is justified and most rational in seasonal use, in this case, their technical operation is carried out mainly during the non-heating period of the year. In such installations, in a number of cases, it is possible to avoid the need to use “non-freezing” heat carriers, and therefore the thermal schemes of the plants are simpler in design and cheaper, since heat exchangers or bivalent storage tanks can be excluded to transfer heat from the antifreeze to the water of the heating circuit or hot water system.
Highlights
In the warm period of the year, the resulting arrival of solar radiation from the surface of the solar receiver, given its thermal efficiency, is significantly higher than in the winter
This allows us to state that the possibilities of small solar energy in any case, with the seasonal receipt of heat for the purposes of autonomous heat supply, are available in the southern regions, and in the middle zone of Russia
It is obvious that solar systems, no matter what schematic solutions are presented, replace only a part of the heat demand of the DHW system and for the climatic zones of Russia, according to the most optimistic estimates, can ensure a maximum saving of up to 45% of the energy expended during the year the purpose of DHW and up to 15% of the energy expended for heating purposes, which provides an appropriate fuel economy [11]
Summary
In the warm period of the year, the resulting arrival of solar radiation from the surface of the solar receiver, given its thermal efficiency, is significantly higher than in the winter. Since the supply of solar energy is subject to seasonal and diurnal fluctuations, practically daily changes due to weather conditions, from zero to maximum during the day, the heat supply system in addition to the solar circuit (with a storage tank) should have a reserve source, for example, a fossil fuel boiler or an electric boiler with its automatic inclusion in the work of the system of autonomous heat supply in case of a lack of heat supply from the solar circuit [3] The latter position should be provided in accordance with the requirement of the system design standards when using any unconventional energy source regardless of whether it works continuously or periodically (cyclically). As low-potential heat sources, condensing boilers are most adapted for gaseous or liquid fuels [4], since they are adapted and have the greatest efficiency just by operating on a low-temperature coolant
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