Abstract
Wireless sensor network consists of nodes with limited resources. Hence, it is important to design protocols or algorithms which increases energy efficiency in order to improve the network lifetime. In this paper, techniques used in the network layer (routing) of the internet protocol stack to achieve energy efficiency are reviewed. Usually, the routing protocols are classified into four main schemes: (1) Network Structure, (2) Communication Model, (3) Topology Based, and (4) Reliable Routing. In this work, only network structure based routing protocols are reviewed due to the page constraint. Besides, this type of protocols are much popular among the researchers since they are fairly simple to implement and produce good results as presented in this paper. Also, the pros and cons of each protocols are presented. Finally, the paper concludes with possible further research directions.
Highlights
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are result of recent advances in micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) technology which enables the manufacturing of small and low cost sensors technically and economically feasible
Wireless sensor networks had matured to a point where it has found its usage in civilian applications from pure military based applications in the past
Energy efficiency is still one of the major concerns with the current generation sensor nodes as it had been in the past
Summary
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are result of recent advances in micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) technology which enables the manufacturing of small and low cost sensors technically and economically feasible. Sensor nodes were initially designed and developed for the use of military and defense applications They were used during Vietnam War to detect enemy soldiers in dense forest [1]. Those sensors had serious limitations such as high energy consumption, bulky size and very basic network capability. It is only natural that there are plethora of energy efficient routing protocols in the literature to support data delivery to the destination with minimal energy consumption. These routing protocols are often application- and network architecture-specific since WSNs have been used in many diverse applications.
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