Abstract
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are subjected to a multitude of real-life challenges. Maintaining adequate power consumption is one of the critical ones, for obvious reasons. This includes proper energy consumption due to nodes close to and far from the sink node (gateway), which affect the overall energy efficiency of the system. These wireless sensors gather and route the data to the onshore base station through the gateway at the sea surface. However, finding an optimum and efficient path from the source node to the gateway is a challenging task. The common reasons for the loss of energy in existing routing protocols for underwater are (1) a node shut down due to battery drainage, (2) packet loss or packet collision which causes re-transmission and hence affects the performance of the system, and (3) inappropriate selection of sensor node for forwarding data. To address these issues, an energy efficient packet forwarding scheme using fuzzy logic is proposed in this work. The proposed protocol uses three metrics: number of hops to reach the gateway node, number of neighbors (in the transmission range of a node) and the distance (or its equivalent received signal strength indicator, RSSI) in a 3D UWSN architecture. In addition, the performance of the system is also tested with adaptive and non-adaptive transmission ranges and scalable number of nodes to see the impact on energy consumption and number of hops. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol performs better than other existing techniques or in terms of parameters used in this scheme.
Highlights
An Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) is a collection of sensor nodes, which together perform collaborating tasks to measure environmental conditions including temperature, pressure, salinity, turbidity, water quality, absorption loss due to frequency at specific depths at various levels under the sea, oceans, river, and lakes
The UWSNs look very different when compared with Terrestrial Wireless Sensor Networks (TWSNs)
UWSNs [1] consist of sensor nodes which are deployed at locations that may have different depths in the sea volume
Summary
An Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) is a collection of sensor nodes, which together perform collaborating tasks to measure environmental conditions including temperature, pressure, salinity, turbidity, water quality, absorption loss due to frequency at specific depths at various levels under the sea, oceans, river, and lakes. Besides that, their applications extend to seismic monitoring, underwater mine searching, submarine tracking, pollution monitoring in oil and gas pipelines, etc. The problem of energy efficiency in routing protocols in underwater acoustic communication networks is addressed.
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