Abstract
The increase of application areas in wireless sensor networks demands novel solutions in terms of energy consumption and radio frequency management. Cognitive radio sensor networks (CRSNs) are key for ensuring efficient spectrum management, by making it possible to use the unused licensed frequency spectrum together with the unlicensed frequency spectrum. Sensor nodes powered by energy-constrained batteries necessarily require energy-efficient protocols at the routing and medium access control (MAC) layers. In CRSNs, energy efficiency is more important because the sensor nodes consume additional energy for spectrum sensing and management. To the best of authors’ knowledge, there is no survey on “energy-efficient” MAC protocols for CRSNs in the literature, even though a conceptual review on MAC protocols for CRSNs was presented at a conference recently. In this paper, energy-efficient MAC protocols for CRSNs are extensively surveyed and qualitatively compared. Open issues, and research challenges in the design of MAC protocols for CRSNs, are also discussed.
Highlights
With recent advancements in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), the development of smart sensor nodes of both small size and low cost has become increasingly popular [1,2]
We present a survey of energy-efficient medium access control (MAC) protocols for Cognitive radio sensor networks (CRSNs), and compare them qualitatively
These channel states will be determined in the channel sensing schedule phase (CSSP), find the channel available for access, whereas it is considered as busy if the secondary users (SUs) detect the presence of whereas collisions and communication happen in the data transmission phase (DTP)
Summary
With recent advancements in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), the development of smart sensor nodes of both small size and low cost has become increasingly popular [1,2]. The development of wireless applications requires efficient use of available spectrum, and effective spectrum management [3] In this context, the concept of cognitive radio (CR) was introduced [4,5] to utilize the available licensed spectrum by exploiting its cognitive capabilities and reconfigure ability features [6]. In addition to the opportunistic use of the licensed spectrum, SUs can utilize the unlicensed ISM bands as well without impeding communication among PUs. a CRSN requires the fundamental features of CR networks, which include spectrum sensing, spectrum decision, channel handoff, and so on [7]. A review on energy-efficient MAC protocols for cognitive radio ad hoc networks was presented [9].
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