Abstract
Massive MIMO enabled heterogeneous cellular networks (HetNets) have a wide application prospect in improving end-to-end performance. To increase the performance of energy efficiency (EE), we formulate the joint optimization problem of power control and user association in this paper. Unfortunately, the problem is a fractional and mixed integer nonlinear programming problem (FMINLP). Nevertheless, an energy efficient joint power control and user association optimization algorithm is proposed to solve the problem. Firstly, based on the Dinkelbach’s theorem, we transform the objective function of the problem into an integral expression and propose the optimal EE iterative algorithm. Then, with the help of the approximately iterative method and Lagrange’s decomposition dual method, the problem can be transformed into a convex optimization problem and the joint optimization algorithm is proposed correspondingly. In the simulation, the performance of EE and its influence factors are analyzed and some interesting points are discussed.
Highlights
MotivationMassive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) and heterogeneous cellular networks (HetNets) are both considered as critical technologies in future 5G wireless system due to the potential to achieve dramatic improvements in network coverage and throughput within the limited system resources [1]
The maximum value of the network EE and spectral efficiency increase and reduce with the number of antennas installed on the macro-base station (MBS) increasing from 50 to 200
In the scenario of massive MIMO enabled heterogeneous cellular networks (HetNets), we propose an optimal iterative EE algorithm and joint optimization algorithm
Summary
Massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) and heterogeneous cellular networks (HetNets) are both considered as critical technologies in future 5G wireless system due to the potential to achieve dramatic improvements in network coverage and throughput within the limited system resources [1]. Low-cost small cells in HetNets, referred to as pico-cells or femto-cells, are flexibly deployed to provide dense coverage and ubiquitous high throughput Both of these promising technologies can be effectively combined by employing many antennas at the macro-cell base station (BS) in HetNets [3]. The architecture of massive MIMO in coordination with HetNets can utilize the large-scale antennas installed on the macro-cell BS to manage the interference while greatly enhance the performance of the cell edge users due to the short propagation distance between users and small cell [4] This architecture shows great promises to obtain higher spectral efficiency by universal frequency reuse, it introduces new challenges and problems. How to jointly optimize user association and power control in massive MIMO enabled HetNets under various channel conditions to obtain optimal EE of the network is considered to be an urgent and challenging problem to be solved
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