Abstract
In large-scale wireless sensor networks (WSNs), nodes close to sink nodes consume energy more quickly than other nodes due to packet forwarding. A mobile sink is a good solution to this issue, although it causes two new problems to nodes: (i) overhead of updating routing information; and (ii) increased operating time due to aperiodic query. To solve these problems, this paper proposes an energy-efficient data collection method, Sink-based Centralized transmission Scheduling (SC-Sched), by integrating asymmetric communication and wake-up radio. Specifically, each node is equipped with a low-power wake-up receiver. The sink node determines transmission scheduling, and transmits a wake-up message using a large transmission power, directly activating a pair of nodes simultaneously which will communicate with a normal transmission power. This paper further investigates how to deal with frame loss caused by fading and how to mitigate the impact of the wake-up latency of communication modules. Simulation evaluations confirm that using multiple channels effectively reduces data collection time and SC-Sched works well with a mobile sink. Compared with the conventional duty-cycling method, SC-Sched greatly reduces total energy consumption and improves the network lifetime by 7.47 times in a WSN with 4 data collection points and 300 sensor nodes.
Highlights
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been extensively investigated for various fields, e.g., agriculture and environmental sensing [1,2]
At the time that a packet is to be exchanged between two sensor nodes, the sink node transmits a wake-up message using a transmission power larger than that used for data transmission, directly activating both transmitting and receiving sensor nodes simultaneously to start the communication
Frame delivery ratio: The number of data frames reaching the sink node divided by the number of data frames that should reach the sink node, where the latter is equal to the number of sensor nodes
Summary
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been extensively investigated for various fields, e.g., agriculture and environmental sensing [1,2]. The question of how to design energy-efficient protocols to extend network lifetime is a big challenge. Because of severe attenuation in wireless signal propagation, multi-hop communication is generally used to collect sensor data from sensor nodes to a sink node in large-scale WSNs. Because of severe attenuation in wireless signal propagation, multi-hop communication is generally used to collect sensor data from sensor nodes to a sink node in large-scale WSNs In this way, sensor nodes close to the sink node consume energy more quickly than other nodes due to packet forwarding, which may lead to network disconnection.
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