Abstract
Energy consumption has become dominant issue for wireless internet of things (IoT) networks with battery-powered nodes. The prevailing mechanism allowing to reduce energy consumption is duty-cycling. In this technique the node sleeps most of the time and wakes up only at selected moments to extend the lifespan of nodes up to 5–10 years. Unfortunately, the scheduled duty-cycling technique is always a trade-off between energy consumption and delay in delivering data to the target node. The delay problem can be alleviated with an additional wake-up radio (WuR) channel. In the paper we present original power consumption models for various duty-cycling schemes. They are the basis for checking whether WuR approach is competitive with scheduled duty-cycling techniques. We determine the maximum energy level that an additional wake-up radio can consume to become a reasonable alternative of widely used duty-cycling techniques for typical IoT networks.
Highlights
The current trend of production process automation and data exchange between various devices, called Industry 4.0, introduces the so-called “smart factory” in which cyber-physical systems (CBSs) monitor the physical processes of the factory and make decentralized decisions
We have found that an important issue is to compare wake-up radio (WuR) with other dutycycling techniques by evaluating the energy consumption directly related to the used dutycycling approach
The choice of a real-time clock (RTC) oscillator operating in the sleep mode is always a compromise between energy consumption and accuracy, which creates an additional issue in synchronization
Summary
The current trend of production process automation and data exchange between various devices, called Industry 4.0, introduces the so-called “smart factory” in which cyber-physical systems (CBSs) monitor the physical processes of the factory and make decentralized decisions. Various MAC protocols have been created, each aimed at improving specific parameters in a very narrow view, e.g. energy consumption [3, 7], node-to-node and end-to-end latency [8, 9], network throughput [10], radio channel occupation [11, 12], packet delivery ratio [13]. We are referring to our previous studies [16] on energy consumption measurements done for nodes with modern Texas Instruments CC1310 chip Based on these measurements, we have developed original and detailed power consumption models for various duty-cycling schemes. It describes basic features and the power consumption optimization problem for various duty-cycling techniques and the wake-up radio approach.
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