Abstract
<p><span>Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have received significant scholarly attentionwithin the scientific community lately. The use of small and energy efficient devices with restricted computing capabilities has gained traction in various fields of application, including environmental monitoring, target tracing, and medical health observation. Node localization is a fundamental system parameter in numerous applications. Categorizing hybrid solutions as either range-based or range-free poses a challenge in general. In this article, we aim to simplify the classification process by examining range-based and range-free schemes. There are two distinct classifications of schemes, namely fully schemes and hybrid schemes. Furthermore, we conduct a comparative analysis of the predominant energy efficiency measures in WSN networks and deliberate on prospective avenues for research in WSNs deploying ant colony algorithm.</span></p>
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