Abstract
The motivations for the move to electrified vehicles are discussed with reference to their improved energy efficiency, their potential for lower CO2 emissions (if the electricity system is decarbonized), their lower (or zero) NOx/particulate matter (PM) tailpipe emissions, and the lower overall costs for owners. Some of the assumptions made in life-cycle CO2 emissions calculations are discussed and the effect of these assumptions on the CO2 benefits of electric vehicles are made clear. A number of new tribological challenges have emerged, particularly for hybrid vehicles that have both a conventional internal combustion engine and a battery, such as the need to protect against the much greater number of stop-starts that the engine will have during its lifetime. In addition, new lubricants are required for electric vehicle transmissions systems. Although full battery electric vehicles (BEVs) will not require engine oils (as there is no engine), they will require a system to cool the batteries—alternative cooling systems are discussed, and where these are fluid-based, the specific fluid requirements are outlined.
Highlights
Many countries around the world have signed up to the legally binding international treaty on climate change agreed at COP 21 in Paris 2015 [1]
Since passenger cars in developed countries account for approximately 10–20% of global CO2 emissions [2,3,4,5], and since the sector is relatively easier to decarbonize than others, it has been a key focus of many countries in their early plans to reduce their CO2 emissions
For a conventional vehicle that uses a gasoline engine, it was estimated that total CO2 emissions were 224 g per km, of which 31 g originated from vehicle manufacturing, maintenance, and recycling, 30 g is from the gasoline production stage, and 163 g is from CO2 emissions from the combustion of gasoline
Summary
Many countries around the world have signed up to the legally binding international treaty on climate change agreed at COP 21 in Paris 2015 [1]. Since passenger cars in developed countries account for approximately 10–20% of global CO2 emissions [2,3,4,5], and since the sector is relatively easier to decarbonize than others (such as shipping and aviation), it has been a key focus of many countries in their early plans to reduce their CO2 emissions. Different regions, such as Europe, Japan, and China have introduced tough fuel consumption targets for passenger car vehicle fleets. (2) the potential CO2 benefits of electric vehicles, and how these benefits are calculated using life cycle analysis (3) the lower tailpipe emissions of electric vehicles, (4) the various tribological challenges that will need to be overcome regarding electrified vehicles ( hybrid electric vehicles, in which there is both a conventional engine and a battery), and (5) the different fluid requirements of such vehicles are outlined
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