Energy drink consumption, psychological distress, and suicidality among middle and high school students

Abstract

BackgroundPrevious research has found links between energy drink consumption and mental health outcomes in youth. However, little is known about the factors that could moderate these relationships. The present study examined the associations between energy drink consumption and psychological distress, suicidal thoughts, and suicide attempts among adolescents, and tested whether sex and school type (i.e. middle vs. high school) would moderate these associations. MethodsData on students in grades 7 through 12 was obtained from the 2017 Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey (N = 5,538). Multivariable Poisson regression analyses were used to examine associations between energy drink consumption and mental health outcomes. Analyses were weighted and adjusted for the complex survey design. ResultsEnergy drink consumption was associated with greater risk of moderate to serious (adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.37) and serious (IRR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.13–1.86) levels of psychological distress, suicidal thoughts (IRR: 1.98, 95% CI: 1.62–2.42), and suicide attempts (IRR: 3.67, 95% CI: 2.26–5.95). The association between energy drink consumption and mental health outcomes was much stronger among boys and middle school students. LimitationsThe cross-sectional nature of the data precludes causal inferences and there is possibility of bias related to self-reports. ConclusionsEnergy drink consumption among adolescents is strongly and differentially associated with mental health problems among male and female middle and high school students. Future research is necessary to replicate and disentangle the observed differences in more detail to inform the development of tailored interventions.