Abstract
Sensor nodes are small, low-cost electronic devices that can self-organize into low-power networks and are susceptible to data packet loss, having computational and energy limitations. These devices expand the possibilities in many areas, like agriculture and urban spaces. In this work, we consider an IoT environment for monitoring a coffee plantation in precision agriculture. We investigate the energy consumption under low-power and lossy networks considering three different network topologies and an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standardized Low-power and Lossy Network (LLN) routing protocol, the Routing Protocol for LLNs (RPL). For RPL, each secondary node selects a better parent according to some Objective Functions (OFs). We conducted simulations using Contiki Cooja 3.0, where we considered the Expected Transmission Count (ETX) and hop-count metric (HOP) metrics to evaluate energy consumption for three distinct topologies: tree, circular, and grid. The simulation results show that the circular topology had the best (lowest) energy consumption, being 15% better than the grid topology and 30% against the tree topology. The results help the need to improve the evolution of RPL metrics and motivate the network management of the topology.
Highlights
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are composed of low-cost nodes with limited processing, communication, and detection capabilities, which interact cooperatively to perform complex monitoring tasks in a geographic area of interest [1]
In the case of the ETX metric in the 50/100 m scenarios, it always had the highest energy consumption compared to the 70/90 m scenarios due to the smaller transmission area and the higher number of parents to change, so it needed to make more hops to reach the sink node
In the six simulated scenarios of the circular topology, the results showed that the hop-count metric (HOP) metric was equivalent in two scenarios (10 nodes with 70/90 m, 20 nodes with 50/100 m) and better in four scenarios (10 nodes with 50/100 m, 20 nodes with 70/90 m, 30 nodes with 50/100 m and 70/90 m)
Summary
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are composed of low-cost nodes with limited processing, communication, and detection capabilities, which interact cooperatively to perform complex monitoring tasks in a geographic area of interest [1]. Recent advances in wireless communication and electronics have enabled the development of low-power, low-cost multifunctional sensor nodes. These sensors can detect, process, and send/receive information over short distances. They are present in a dense form, to collect high precision data and perform other complex tasks related to both the collection and dissemination of information. The protocols and the application algorithm involved must be light, resulting in a longer network lifetime without compromising its performance
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
