Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of routing protocols on wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs), focusing on the control system response and the energy consumption of nodes in a network. We demonstrate that routing algorithms designed without considering the relationship between communication and control cannot be appropriately used in wireless networked control applications. For this purpose, an ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing, an IEEE 802.15.4, and a building-temperature control system are employed for this exploration. The findings from our scenarios show that the AODV routing can select a path with a high traffic load for data transmission. It takes a long time before deciding to change a new route although it experiences the unsuccessful transmission of packets. As a result, the desirable control target cannot be achieved in time, and nodes consume more energy due to frequent packet collisions and retransmissions. Consequently, we propose a simple routing solution to alleviate these research problems by modifying the original AODV routing protocol. The delay-threshold is considered to avoid any congested connection during routing procedures. The simulation results demonstrate that our solution can be appropriately applied in WSANs. Both the energy consumption and the control system response are improved.
Highlights
Wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs) comprise groups of sensors and actuators linked by a wireless medium [1,2]
The simulation result demonstrates that the original ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing algorithm establishes the freshest and the shortest routes for data transmission. It can select a path with a high traffic load it experiences the high rate of collisions or the unsuccessful transmission of routing and data messages caused by the constant bit rate (CBR) traffic interruption
For the CBR rates from 2.5 to 3.25 Mbps, the simulation results for all performance metrics are the same as using the original AODV routing protocol
Summary
Wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs) comprise groups of sensors and actuators linked by a wireless medium [1,2]. Due to the use of actuators, WSANs have ability to change the behavior of environments. They can be widely adopted for many applications, including environmental monitoring and control, industrial machine condition, building automation, etc. The controller with the control algorithm uses the error between the set-point and the measured temperature values to find an appropriate supply air temperature, and commands the actuator to perform actions. This procedure continues until the temperature in the zones reaches the desired value
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