Energy Consumption and Carbon Emission Analysis of Natural Graphite Anode Material for Lithium Batteries

Study on Carbon Emission Estimation and Reduction Methods of Electric Vehicle Battery Packs in Whole Life Cycle

Microbial induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a new geotechnical engineering technology used to strengthen soils and other materials. Although it is considered to be environmentally friendly, there is a lack of quantitative data and objective evaluation to support conclusions about its environmental impact. In this paper, the energy consumption and carbon emissions of MICP technology are quantitatively analyzed by using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The environmental effects of MICP technology are evaluated from the perspectives of resource consumption and environmental impact. The results show that for each tonne of calcium carbonate produced by MICP technology, 1.8 t standard coal is consumed and 3.4 t CO2 is produced, among which 80.4% of the carbon emissions and 96% of the energy consumption come from raw materials. Comparing using MICP with cement, lime, and sintered brick, the current MICP application process consumes less non-renewable resources but has a greater environmental impact. The major environmental impact that MICP has is the production of smoke and ash, with secondary impacts being global warming, photochemical ozone creation, acidification, and eutrophication. In five potential application scenarios of MICP, including concrete, sintered brick, lime mortar, mine cemented backfill, and foundation reinforcement, the carbon emissions of MICP are 3 to 7 times greater than the emissions of traditional technologies. The energy consumption is 15 to 23 times. Based on the energy consumption and carbon emissions characteristics of MICP technology at the current condition, suggestions are given for the future research of MICP.

Comparative study on life cycle energy consumption, carbon emissions and economic performance of various coke-oven gas utilization schemes

Carbon emission oriented life cycle assessment and optimization strategy for meat supply chain

Comparative life cycle energy consumption, carbon emissions and economic costs of hydrogen production from coke oven gas and coal gasification

In recent years, the environmental problems caused by excessive carbon emissions from energy sources have become increasingly serious, which not only aggravates the climate change caused by the greenhouse effect but also seriously restricts the sustainable development of Chinese economy. An attempt is made in this paper to use energy consumption method and input-output method to study the carbon emission structure of China's energy system and industry in 2015 from two perspectives, namely China's energy supply side and energy demand side, by taking into account the two factors of energy invest in gross capital formation and export. The results show that neglecting these two factors will lead to underestimation of intermediate use carbon emissions and overestimation of final use carbon emissions. On energy supply side, the carbon emission structure of China's energy system is still dominated by high-carbon energy (raw coal, coke, diesel, and fuel oil, etc.), accounting for more than 70% of total energy carbon emissions; on the contrary, the natural gas such as clean energy accounts for only 3.45% of total energy carbon emissions, indicating that the energy consumption structure optimization and emission reduction gap of China's energy supply side are still substantial. On energy demand side, the final use (direct consumption by residents and government) produces less carbon emissions, while the intermediate use (production by enterprises) produces more than 90% of the total energy carbon emissions. Fossil energy, power sector, heavy industry, chemical industry, and transportation belong to industries with larger carbon emissions and lower carbon emission efficiency, while agriculture, construction, light industry, and service belong to industries with fewer carbon emissions and higher carbon emission efficiency. This means that the optimization of industrial structure is conducive to slowing down the growth of energy carbon emissions on the demand side.

Quantitative study on carbon emissions of modified recycled asphalt mixture based on life cycle assessment method

Compared to general public and residential buildings, large public buildings are often difficult to construct and have a long construction period, creating greater construction energy consumption and carbon emissions on the one hand, while generating a large amount and many types of difficult-to-track process data on the other. As such, it is difficult to measure carbon emissions and analyze various influencing factors. By realizing the simple calculation of energy consumption and carbon emissions, as well as discerning the degree of influence of various factors based on the results of influencing factors research, it is of considerable practical significance to propose energy savings and emission reductions in a targeted manner. In view of the above, this work aimed to establish a more practical calculation method to measure energy consumption and carbon emissions in the construction of large public buildings, as well as to identify the multiple influencing factors related to energy consumption and carbon emissions during the construction process. To demonstrate the practicality of our approach, quantitative calculations are carried out for a new terminal building in a certain place and from the perspective of sustainable urban construction; thus, the driving factors of the traditional STIRPAT model are extended to seven. Based on the calculation results, a modified STIRPAT model is used to analyze the comparative study of impact factors, such as population and construction machinery performance, on energy consumption and carbon emission intensity. The results show the following: (1) The energy consumption value per square meter of this terminal building is 3.43 kgce/m2, and the average carbon emission per square meter is about 13.88 kgCO2/m2, which is much larger than the national average of 6.96 kgCO2/m2, and (2) the type of energy used in the construction process has the greatest degree of influence on energy consumption and carbon emission, and the local GDP, population factor, construction machinery performance specifications, and shift usage also show a positive correlation with the growth of total energy consumption and carbon emissions. Moreover, while the government’s continuous investment in energy conservation and environmental protection has reduced the total energy consumption and carbon emissions in construction, there is still considerable room for improvement. Finally, according to the results, we provide theoretical references and constructive suggestions for the low-carbon construction of large public buildings in the construction stage. Thus, the results of our study will allow policy makers to formulate appropriate policies.

The development of hydrogen fuel cell coach （HFCC） presents an ideal solution to address challenges such as energy security and air pollution. To quantify the life-cycle environmental impacts of HFCCs， a comprehensive evaluation model was established based on the life cycle assessment （LCA） methodology. This model assesses material resource consumption， fossil energy consumption， carbon emissions， and pollutant emissions throughout the HFCC lifecycle， incorporating uncertainty analysis of key influencing factors. The study investigates the environmental impacts under various scenarios， including different fuel cell degradation scenarios， electricity structures， and hydrogen pathways. The results indicate that the material resource consumption was highest during the raw material acquisition phase. During the operation and use stage， the consumption of fossil energy， carbon emissions， and pollutant emissions accounted for the largest proportion， mainly due to the large consumption of hydrogen energy by HFCCs during their lifespan and the high energy consumption in the hydrogen production process. Through photovoltaic electrolysis of water for hydrogen production technology， the energy consumption and carbon emissions of HFCCs could be significantly reduced throughout its entire lifecycle. Under a simulated fuel cell degradation scenario in which hydrogen consumption increased by 13.9%， the life cycle energy consumption of HFCCs based on photovoltaic electrolysis water increased by 12.05%， and carbon emissions increased by 9.21%. Optimizing the hydrogen path can improve environmental effects. When photovoltaic electrolysis water for hydrogen production was matched with pipeline transportation of hydrogen， the life cycle energy consumption and carbon emissions of HFCCs were the lowest. Therefore， HFCCs based on hydrogen production from renewable energy sources showed significant potential for energy saving and emission reduction in the future. In contrast， HFCCs relying on mixed power electrolysis for hydrogen production was relatively weak in terms of energy saving and emission reduction. At the same time， it is recommended to use pipeline hydrogen transportation as the main transportation mode.

In recent years, China has been vigorously carrying out the planning and implementation of Sponge City. Since the implementation of Sponge City projects involves substantial materials and energy consumption, it is significant to account corresponding carbon emissions and sinks. The existed studies about carbon emission of stormwater management measures, however, are not able to take the whole life cycle and different facilities into consideration. Therefore, this study develops a comprehensive accounting model based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines and life cycle assessment (LCA) method to predict carbon emissions and carbon sinks of Sponge City projects more comprehensively and accurately. The model is applied to an actual residential community in Shanghai as a case study. Results show that the total indirect carbon emission is estimated to be 774,277 kg CO2 eq during a 30-year lifespan, among which carbon emissions from operation and maintenance phases are 2570 kg CO2 eq/year and 7309 kg CO2 eq/year, respectively, both directly proportional to the service life of the facilities. Three kinds of achievable carbon sinks are carbon sequestration in green space (5450 kg CO2 eq/year), carbon sink from rainwater utilization (15,379 kg CO2 eq/year) and carbon sink from runoff pollutant removal (19,552 kg CO2 eq/year). Carbon neutrality is expected to be reached after approximately 19 years. The established carbon emission accounting model can contribute to better planning and construction of Sponge City in China and enhance further energy conservation and carbon emission reduction.

The establishment of low-carbon cities has been suggested all over the World, since cities are key drivers of energy usage and the associated carbon emissions. This paper presents a scenario analysis of future energy consumption and carbon emissions for the city of Beijing. The Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) model is used to simulate a range of pathways and to analyze how these would change energy consumption and carbon emissions from 2007 to 2030. Three scenarios have been designed to describe future energy strategies in relation to the development of Beijing city, namely a reference scenario (RS), control scenario (CS), and integrated scenario (IS). The results show that under the IS the total energy demand in Beijing is expected to reach 88.61 million tonnes coal equivalent (Mtce) by 2030 (59.32 Mtce in 2007), 55.82% and 32.72% lower than the values under the RS and the CS, respectively. The total carbon emissions in 2030 under the IS, although higher than the 2007 level, will be 62.22% and 40.27% lower than under the RS and the CS, respectively, with emissions peaking in 2026 and declining afterwards. In terms of the potential for reduction of energy consumption and carbon emissions, the industrial sector will continue to act as the largest contributor under the IS and CS compared with the RS, while the building and transport sectors are identified as promising fields for achieving effective control of energy consumption and carbon emissions over the next two decades. The calculation results show that an integrated package of measures is the most effective in terms of energy savings and carbon emissions mitigation, although it also faces the largest challenge to achieve the related targets.

The carbon dioxide is the major component of greenhouse gas in energy consumption. Because of different energy varieties and consumption patterns carbon emissions are different. Therefore, the estimate of carbon emissions should be calculated one by one according to different energy variety which bases on the clear range of energy consumption counting. In accordance with the carbon emission factors recommended by IPCC, this article uses one-by-one calculation method to sum the carbon emissions in Jinan City since 1990. Then the total carbon emissions, carbon emissions per capita, carbon emission intensity and sub-sectors carbon emissions were compared respectively.

After more than two decades of negotiation, the China–Russia gas deal represents a new era of energy cooperation between China and Russia. In total, this is a win–win deal for both sides. For China, the deal will decrease energy consumption and carbon emission but will not significantly influence air quality; for Russia, it will provide a new market for its gas resources. In this study, we calculated the energy consumption, carbon emission, and particulate matter pollution (PM2.5 and PM10) in China in 2020, 2030, 2040, and 2050 under four IPCC representative concentration pathways (RCPs 8.5, 6.0, 4.5, and 2.6). We found that energy consumption and carbon emission decreased under the gas deal in RCPs 8.5, 6.0, and 4.5, although the rate of decrease slowed over time; however, in RCP 2.6, the rate of decrease of energy consumption and emission increased over time. PM2.5 and PM10 emission showed similar trends but with increasing rate, although the gas deal would mitigate air pollution in the short term. Although China’s government hopes to reduce carbon and pollutant emission under the deal, our results suggest that additional mitigation measures will be necessary to achieve this goal. Nonetheless, the reduction in carbon emission suggests that the China–Russia gas deal provides a model that other countries can follow to slow climate change.

A quantitative evaluation was conducted on the energy consumption and carbon emissions during the asphalt pavement regeneration process, and the energy consumption and emission ratios during the construction and raw material production stages of the cold and hot regeneration process were obtained. This study applies the theory of life cycle assessment to propose an evaluation framework and calculation method suitable for quantitatively evaluating the environmental impact of the asphalt pavement regeneration process. Firstly, based on the life cycle evaluation theory, the evaluation framework and calculation method applicable to the quantitative study of the environmental impact of asphalt pavement regeneration processes are discussed, and the calculation formulae for the comprehensive energy consumption and comprehensive carbon emission of asphalt pavement regeneration are derived. It is found that the energy consumption and emission in the hot regeneration process account for 50~70% of the total process in the construction stage, and 50~65% of the total process in the cold regeneration process in the raw material production stage. Compared with the milling and resurfacing process, the energy consumption and carbon emission of the asphalt pavement regeneration process are reduced by about 16~66%, and the carbon emission is reduced by about 14~53%, so the energy saving and emission reduction benefits are more significant. The amount of RAP mixing, transportation distance of raw materials and pavement regeneration depth have a great influence on the energy consumption and emission of pavement regeneration. It can provide scientific guidance for the quantitative evaluation of the environmental impact of asphalt pavement regeneration, with a view to providing energy-saving and emission reduction level data support for technology improvement and engineering decisions.

A scientific carbon accounting system can help enterprises reduce carbon emissions. This study took an enterprise in the Yangtze River basin as a case study. The accounting classification of carbon emissions in the life cycle of lime production was assessed, and the composition of the sources of carbon emission was analyzed, covering mining explosives, fuel (diesel, coal), electricity and high-temperature limestone decomposition. Using the IPCC emission factor method, a carbon life cycle emission accounting model for lime production was established. We determined that the carbon dioxide equivalent from producing one ton of quicklime ranged from 1096.68 kg CO2 equiv. to 1176.96 kg CO2 equiv. from 2019 to 2021 in the studied case. The decomposition of limestone at a high temperature was the largest carbon emission source, accounting for 64% of the total carbon emission. Coal combustion was the second major source of carbon emissions, accounting for 31% of total carbon emissions. Based upon the main sources of carbon emission for lime production, carbon emission reduction should focus on CO2 capture technology and fuel optimization. Based on the error transfer method, we calculated that the overall uncertainty of the life cycle carbon emissions of quicklime from 2019 to 2021 are 2.13%, 2.07% and 2.09%, respectively. Using our analysis of carbon emissions, the carbon emission factor of producing one unit of quicklime in the lime enterprise in the Yangtze River basin was determined. Furthermore, this research into carbon emission reduction for lime production can provide a point of reference for the promotion of carbon neutrality in the same industry.