Abstract
Nonlinear energy-conserving drift-fluid equations that are suitable to describe self-consistent finite-β low-frequency electromagnetic (drift-Alfvén) turbulent fluctuations in a nonuniform, anisotropic, magnetized plasma are derived from a variational principle. The variational principle is based on a drift-fluid Lagrangian that contains linear and nonlinear E×B velocities derived directly from the corresponding single-particle finite-β gyrocenter Hamiltonian (in the zero-Larmor-radius limit). Covariant electromagnetic effects introduce a magnetic generalization to the standard ion polarization density as well as introduce a new ion magnetization current, which appear in finite-β gyrokinetic theory [T. S. Hahm, W. W. Lee, and A. J. Brizard, Phys. Fluids 31, 1940 (1988)] but are both missing from existing gyrofluid and drift-fluid Poisson–Ampère equations. An exact energy conservation law is also derived directly from the drift-fluid Lagrangian by application of the Noether method.
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