Abstract
Owing to the harsh and unpredictable behavior of the sea channel, network protocols that combat the undesirable and challenging properties of the channel are of critical significance. Protocols addressing such challenges exist in literature. However, these protocols consume an excessive amount of energy due to redundant packets transmission or have computational complexity by being dependent on the geographical positions of nodes. To address these challenges, this article designs two protocols for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). The first protocol, depth and noise-aware routing (DNAR), incorporates the extent of link noise in combination with the depth of a node to decide the next information forwarding candidate. However, it sends data over a single link and is, therefore, vulnerable to the harshness of the channel. Therefore, routing in a cooperative fashion is added to it that makes another scheme called cooperative DNAR (Co-DNAR), which uses source-relay-destination triplets in information advancement. This reduces the probability of information corruption that would otherwise be sent over a single source-destination link. Simulations-backed results reveal the superior performance of the proposed schemes over some competitive schemes in consumed energy, packet advancement to destination, and network stability.
Highlights
The harsh and unpredictable nature of the sea is one of the major hurdles to reliable communications in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs)
Junaid et al in [28] propose a depth and noise-aware routing (DNAR) scheme in which a sender picks the closer node as a relay that has the smallest path from the surface and smallest noise over the source-relay link
To address the aforementioned challenges, this paper presents the cooperative DNAR (Co-DNAR)
Summary
The harsh and unpredictable nature of the sea is one of the major hurdles to reliable communications in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). The authors in [24] propose a DEAC protocol for UWSNs. A sender chooses its relay node based on link condition, depth threshold, and residual energy. The optimized depth-based routing (ODBR) is presented in [27] This technique is a single-path routing protocol and only considers the information of depth for the data forwarding. Junaid et al in [28] propose a depth and noise-aware routing (DNAR) scheme in which a sender picks the closer node as a relay that has the smallest path from the surface and smallest noise over the source-relay link This reduces the corruption of information packets by channel noise, which increases reliability in the information. It has high latency due to frequent checking of the channel conditions
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