Energy balance and evapotranspiration changes in a larch forest caused by severe disturbance during an early secondary succession

Abstract

Larch, a deciduous needle-leaf gymnosperm, is widely distributed in cool temperate and boreal forests of the Northern Hemisphere. Thus, evaluating evapotranspiration (ET) in larch forests is important to elucidate energy and water cycles on a global scale. In addition, severe forest disturbance is expected to change ET and energy balance through a drastic change in the canopy structure. However, knowledge related to the environmental functions of larch forests in cool temperate regions remains lacking compared with Siberian larch forests. Furthermore, few reports describe quantified changes in ET and energy balance before and after forest disturbance. Therefore, for more than a decade, we measured sensible and latent heat fluxes using the eddy covariance technique above a larch forest in northern Japan and its succeeding ex-forest after a stand-replacing disturbance caused by windthrow. In general, the larch forest’s ET was not limited by water in contrast to that of a Siberian larch forest. Although the aboveground biomass decreased by 97% through the disturbance, both cumulative ET and latent heat flux normalized by incident solar radiation (lE/Rg) during the snow-free period of about seven months were decreased by only 24% in the second year after disturbance. The 24% decrease was caused by 17% decrease in the partition of incident solar radiation to net radiation (Rg/Rn) and 9% decrease in the partition of net radiation to ET (lE/Rn). The former resulted from increased albedo and decreased net longwave radiation, and the latter was mainly due to decrease in surface conductance. According to the vegetation recovery of shrubs and herbaceous plants, cumulative ET during the snow-free period increased gradually and almost reached pre-disturbance levels in six years. However, normalized ET by solar radiation (lE/Rg) decreased in the 11th and 12th years after reaching the pre-disturbance level. Positive relationship between cumulative ET and vegetation indices indicates that the ET recovery was due to vegetation recovery.