Abstract
The design of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) requires the fulfillment of several design requirements. The most important one is optimizing the battery’s lifetime, which is tightly coupled to the sensor lifetime. End-users usually avoid replacing sensors’ batteries, especially in massive deployment scenarios like smart agriculture and smart buildings. To optimize battery lifetime, wireless sensor designers need to delineate and optimize active components at different levels of the sensor’s layered architecture, mainly, (1) the number of data sets being generated and processed at the application layer, (2) the size and the architecture of the operating systems (OS), (3) the networking layers’ protocols, and (4) the architecture of electronic components and duty cycling techniques. This paper reviews the different relevant technologies and investigates how they optimize energy consumption at each layer of the sensor’s architecture, e.g., hardware, operating system, application, and networking layer. This paper aims to make the researcher aware of the various optimization opportunities when designing WSN nodes. To our knowledge, there is no other work in the literature that reviews energy optimization of WSN in the context of Smart Energy-Efficient Buildings (SEEB) and from the formerly four listed perspectives to help in the design and implementation of optimal WSN for SEEB.
Highlights
Wireless Sensor Network suffers from limited battery size, and sensor nodes are sometimes deployed in an environment where a person cannot replace sensor batteries frequently
Based on the literature review of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), this paper examines the network lifetime with the focus on the energy consumption of the sensor node at the hardware layer, operating system layer, networking layer, and application layer
This study took into consideration three factors: first, the network topologies such as Mesh, Cluster, Tree, and Star topologies; second, the node’s role in the WSN such as End node, Router node, Cluster-Head, or Gateway; third, the investigations included the data processing approaches where WSN nodes are involved, for instance, In-node processing and Innetwork processing
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. In WSNs, energy efficiency is achieved through the optimal design of sensor and actuator nodes. The optimal design tends to provide efficient energy supply mechanisms and efficient energy consumption. The sensor design should take into consideration the deployment environment and the available energy source These design requirements are because energy is a critical resource for a WSN node. This paper tends to make the researcher aware of the energy optimization techniques and opportunities in IoT and WSN for Smart Energy-Efficient Buildings. The paper presents different approaches, methods, and technologies based on the layered architecture of the IoT device. It guides the researcher to design energy-aware IoT devices for Smart Energy-Efficient Buildings. We conclude by presenting a framework recommending optimal components to adopt when designing a static WSN for smart buildings
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