Energy, angular and spatial distributions of primary electrons inside photoconducting materials for digital mammography: Monte Carlo simulation studies

Abstract

Materials such as a-Se, a-As2Se3, GaSe, GaAs, Ge, CdTe, CdZnTe, Cd0.8Zn0.2Te, ZnTe, PbO, TlBr, PbI2 and HgI2 are potential candidates as photoconductors in direct detectors for digital mammography. The x-ray induced primary electrons inside a photoconductor's bulk comprise the initial signal that propagates and forms the final signal (image) on the detector's electrodes. An already developed model for a-Se has been properly extended to simulate the primary electron production in the materials mentioned. Primary electron characteristics, such as their energy, angular and spatial distributions that strongly influence the characteristics of the final image, were studied for both monoenergetic and polyenergetic x-ray spectra in the mammographic energy range. The characteristic feature in the electron energy distributions for PbI2 and HgI2 is the atomic deexcitation peaks, whereas for the rest of the materials their shape can also be influenced by the electrons produced from primary photons. The electrons have a small tendency to be forward ejected whereas they prefer to be ejected perpendicular (θ = π/2) to the incident beam's axis and at two lobes around φ = 0 and φ = π. At practical mammographic energies (15–40 keV) a-Se, a-As2Se3 and Ge have the minimum azimuthal uniformity whereas CdZnTe, Cd0.8Zn0.2Te and CdTe the maximum one. The spatial distributions for a-Se, a-As2Se3, GaSe, GaAs, Ge, PbO and TlBr are almost independent of the polyenergetic spectrum, while those for CdTe, CdZnTe, Cd0.8Zn0.2Te, ZnTe, PbI2 and HgI2 have a spectrum dependence. In the practical mammographic energy range and at this primitive stage of primary electron production, a-Se has the best inherent spatial resolution as compared to the rest of the photoconductors. PbO has the minimum bulk space in which electrons can be produced whereas CdTe has the maximum one.