Energy and environmental safety in the context of nuclear energy development

Abstract

The article analyzes the main causes of the global energy crisis, the connection between energy and environmental safety in the context of the global development of society. Attention is focused on the sharp lag between nuclear and renewable energy in terms of attracting investment. The structure of the world's nuclear power industry is analyzed. The types, technologies and terms of operation of nuclear reactors are analyzed, as well as the prospects for introducing new technologies and unit designs into the nuclear power industry. It is shown that the majority of operated nuclear reactors do not always meet modern requirements in the context of technological efficiency and environmental safety. The reasons for the uncontrolled proliferation of nuclear weapons, possible accidents at nuclear power plants, and the danger of nuclear waste accumulation are analyzed. The causes and consequences of accidents at the Fukushima NPP were analyzed in the context of the operation of reactors in regions with a high seismic risk. It is shown that nuclear technologies will have to change in order to be in demand for power generation. It is believed that the future of nuclear power lies in fast neutron reactors, traveling wave nuclear reactors, and technologies that use thorium isotope instead of enriched uranium. Small modular reactors (SMRs), small in size and capacity (for example, the Oklo Aurora reactor, which is undergoing the licensing process in the United States and Canada), should take a special place in the nuclear power structure. It is noted that the full realization of the potential of modern nuclear technologies on a global scale will require new, more flexible rules of regulation, licensing and financing, as well as updating the global basis of nuclear security and non-proliferation of nuclear weapons.