Energy and Environmental Benefits of Rapeseed Oil Replacing Diesel

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 中国主要农作物种植农药施用温室气体排放估算 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201405271084 作者: 作者单位: 中国科学院生态环境研究中心,中国科学院生态环境研究中心,中国科学院生态环境研究中心 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(71003092);科技部973专题(2010CB833504-2);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项子课题(XDA05050602,XDA05060102) Estimate of greenhouse gases emission from pesticides usage in China's major crops Author: Affiliation: Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:过去30年来我国农作物的播种面积并未产生太大变化,但病虫害的发生和防治次数却不断增加。根据6种中国主要农作物的病虫害发生情况,收集了相应的农药用量及其制造的温室气体排放量数据,估算了中国主要农作物在种植过程中,因对病虫害使用杀虫剂和杀菌剂而产生的温室气体排放量现状。结果表明,我国主要农作物小麦、水稻、玉米、马铃薯、油菜和棉花的每公顷病虫害防治时使用农药所产生的温室气体排放量分别是9.19(1.86-23.24)、20.54(2.03-50.95)、10.38(3.45-19.32)、5.91(2.15-18.34)、10.84(8.10-13.62)、19.51(5.11-49.01)kg CE hm-2 a-1,即水稻和棉花最高;但论单产农药温室气体排放量,则油菜和棉花远高于其余4种粮食作物。每年小麦、水稻、玉米、马铃薯、油菜和棉花的病虫害防治使用农药所产生的总温室气体排放量分别是220.8(44.7-558.4)、606.7(60.0-1505.1)、336.4(112.0-606.3)、30.9(11.2-96.0)、79.5(59.4-99.8)、96.4(25.2-242.2)Gg CE,总计1.37(0.31-3.13)Tg CE。将以上6种作物的病虫害防治情况外推到全国农作物,则我国一年因为农作物病虫害防治而产生的温室气体排放量为2.13(0.48-4.85)Tg CE。另外由于缺乏草害面次数据而没有包括除草剂本分,所以以上数字仍是低估。病虫害防治由于作物本身、防治对象、防治方法以及药剂用量的固有差异,导致农作物病虫害防治的温室气体排放量计算结果存在着较大的不确定性,目前基于自下而上农户调查的估算方法无法克服这些问题,更精确的估算需要自上而下的企业级调查数据。 Abstract:Over the past 30 years, China's total area sown with crops did not change significantly. Meanwhile, the occurrences of crop pests and diseases as well as the control (treatment) areas have increased drastically. China has become the world's largest pesticide manufacturer and consumer since 2005 and the up-trend is expected to continue. Correspondingly, the greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission resulting from pesticide usage may also increase fast and become an important part of indirect GHGs emission in agriculture. However, domestic GHGs emission parameters from pesticide usage were rarely reported in analysis of China's agricultural life-cycle, which leads to considerable uncertainty in studies related to agricultural indirect GHGs emission. In this study, GHGs emission from pesticides manufacture was estimated by summing up the global warming potential of GHGs emitted from four processes including manufacture of active ingredients, formulation of emulsifiable oils/wettable powders/granules, packaging, and transport. According to the occurrence of pests and diseases in six major crops (wheat, rice, maize, potato, oilseed rape, and cotton) in China, the amount of current GHGs emissions induced by usage of insecticides and fungicides specific for these crops was assessed based on the integration of available information on the use of relevant pesticides and GHGs emissions from their manufacturing. Our estimation indicated that the GHGs emission pertaining to pests and diseases control was the highest for rice and cotton (20.54 [2.03-50.95] and 19.51 [5.11-49.01], respectively) followed by oilseed rape (10.84 [8.10-13.62]), maize (10.38 [3.45-19.32]), wheat (9.19 [1.86-23.24]), and potato (5.91 [2.15-18.34] kg carbon equivalent [CE] per hectare each year). Different crop pests and diseases contributed differently to crop's GHGs emission from pesticides usage: for maize and cotton, pests were the main contributors (especially maize borer, maize earworm, and cotton plant-bug); for oilseed rape and potato, diseases were the main contributors (especially potato late blight and rape sclerotinia rot); and for wheat and rice, pests and diseases both contributed equally to the total emission (especially wheat aphid, wheat midge, wheat red spider, wheat powdery mildew, wheat scab, rice plant hopper, rice leaf roller, rice striped stem borer, rice blast, and rice sheath blight). Meanwhile, as to the pesticide GHGs emission per unit yield, all four grain crops contributed far less than cotton and oilseed rape. Correspondingly, the overall emission due to the insect pests and diseases control measures for each of the analyzed crops in China was: 220.8 (44.7-558.4), 606.7 (60.0-1505.1), 336.4 (112.0-606.3), 30.9 (11.2-96.0), 79.5 (59.4-99.8), and 96.4 (25.2-242.2) Gg CE/a for wheat, rice, maize, potato, oilseed rape, and cotton, respectively, with a total amount of 1.37 (0.31-3.13) Tg CE/a. It should be noted that these results are underestimation of China's actual pesticide GHGs emission since the herbicides were not considered because of the unavailability of weed treatment data. Owing to the variation in the characteristics of crop pests and diseases control measures (including various conditions of crops, pests, and diseases, wide range of pesticide and fungicide choices and their legal dosage), non-negligible uncertainties still exist in our current bottom-up estimates based on farmer surveys. More accurate estimation requires implementation of top-down methods and data based on enterprise-level surveys. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

The influence of crop and chemical fertilizer combinations on greenhouse gas emissions: A partial life-cycle assessment of fertilizer production and use in China

Major US electric utility climate pledges have the potential to collectively reduce power sector emissions by one-third

Energy-related activities are a major contributor of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A growing body of knowledge clearly depicts the links between human activities and climate change. Over the last century the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil and other human activities has released carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and other heat-trapping GHG emissions into the atmosphere and thus increased the concentration of atmospheric CO2 emissions. The main human activities that emit CO2 emissions are (1) the combustion of fossil fuels to generate electricity, accounting for about 37% of total U.S. CO2 emissions and 31% of total U.S. GHG emissions in 2013, (2) the combustion of fossil fuels such as gasoline and diesel to transport people and goods, accounting for about 31% of total U.S. CO2 emissions and 26% of total U.S. GHG emissions in 2013, and (3) industrial processes such as the production and consumption of minerals and chemicals, accounting for about 15% of total U.S. CO2 emissions and 12% of total ...

SummaryThis article evaluates the implications of uncertainty in the life cycle (LC) energy efficiency and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of rapeseed oil (RO) as an energy carrier displacing fossil diesel (FD). Uncertainties addressed include parameter uncertainty as well as scenario uncertainty concerning how RO coproduct credits are accounted for (uncertainty due to modeling choices). We have carried out an extensive data collection to build an LC inventory accounting for parameter uncertainty. Different approaches for carbon stock changes associated with converting set‐aside land to rapeseed cultivation have been considered, which result in different values: from −0.25 t C/ha.yr (carbon uptake by the soil in tonnes per hectare year) to 0.60 t C/ha.yr (carbon emission). Energy renewability efficiency and GHG emissions of RO are presented, which show the influence of parameter versus scenario uncertainty. Primary energy savings and avoided GHG emissions when RO displaces FD have also been calculated: Avoided GHG emissions show considerably higher uncertainty than energy savings, mainly due to land use (nitrous oxide emissions from soil) and land use conversion (carbon stock changes). Results demonstrate the relevance of applying uncertainty approaches; emphasize the need to reduce uncertainty in the environmental life cycle modeling, particularly GHG emissions calculation; and show the importance of integrating uncertainty into the interpretation of results.

Biochar potentially mitigates greenhouse gas emissions from cultivation of oilseed rape for biodiesel

Intensive cultivation and post-harvest vegetable oil production stages are major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Variation between production systems and reporting disparity have resulted in discordance in previous emissions estimates. The aim of this study was to assess global systems-wide variation in GHG emissions resulting from palm, soybean, rapeseed and sunflower oil production. Such an analysis is critical to understand the implications of meeting increasing edible oil demand. To achieve this, we performed a unified re-analysis of life cycle input data from diverse palm, soybean, rapeseed, and sunflower oil production systems, from a saturating search of published literature. The resulting dataset reflects almost 6000 producers in 38 countries, and is representative of over 71% of global vegetable oil production. Across all oil crop systems, median GHG emissions were 3.81 kg CO2e per kg refined oil. Crop specific median emissions ranged from 2.49 kg CO2e for rapeseed oil to 4.25 kg CO2e for soybean oil per kg refined oil. Determination of the carbon cost of agricultural land occupation revealed that carbon storage potential in native compared to agricultural land cover drives variation in production GHG emissions, and indicates that expansion of production in low carbon storage potential land, whilst reforesting areas of high carbon storage potential, could reduce net GHG emissions whilst boosting productivity. Nevertheless, there remains considerable scope to improve sustainability within current production systems, including through increasing yields whilst limiting application of inputs with high carbon footprints, and in the case of palm oil through more widespread adoption of methane capture technologies in processing stages.

Taking Stock of Strategies on Climate Change and the Way Forward: A Strategic Climate Change Framework for Australia

Embodied GHG emissions of buildings – The hidden challenge for effective climate change mitigation

Well-to-wheel greenhouse gas emissions of electric versus combustion vehicles from 2018 to 2030 in the US

BackgroundPolicies to mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can yield public health benefits by also reducing emissions of hazardous co-pollutants, such as air toxics and particulate matter. Socioeconomically disadvantaged communities are typically disproportionately exposed to air pollutants, and therefore climate policy could also potentially reduce these environmental inequities. We sought to explore potential social disparities in GHG and co-pollutant emissions under an existing carbon trading program—the dominant approach to GHG regulation in the US and globally.Methods and findingsWe examined the relationship between multiple measures of neighborhood disadvantage and the location of GHG and co-pollutant emissions from facilities regulated under California’s cap-and-trade program—the world’s fourth largest operational carbon trading program. We examined temporal patterns in annual average emissions of GHGs, particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, volatile organic compounds, and air toxics before (January 1, 2011–December 31, 2012) and after (January 1, 2013–December 31, 2015) the initiation of carbon trading. We found that facilities regulated under California’s cap-and-trade program are disproportionately located in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods with higher proportions of residents of color, and that the quantities of co-pollutant emissions from these facilities were correlated with GHG emissions through time. Moreover, the majority (52%) of regulated facilities reported higher annual average local (in-state) GHG emissions since the initiation of trading. Neighborhoods that experienced increases in annual average GHG and co-pollutant emissions from regulated facilities nearby after trading began had higher proportions of people of color and poor, less educated, and linguistically isolated residents, compared to neighborhoods that experienced decreases in GHGs. These study results reflect preliminary emissions and social equity patterns of the first 3 years of California’s cap-and-trade program for which data are available. Due to data limitations, this analysis did not assess the emissions and equity implications of GHG reductions from transportation-related emission sources. Future emission patterns may shift, due to changes in industrial production decisions and policy initiatives that further incentivize local GHG and co-pollutant reductions in disadvantaged communities.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first study to examine social disparities in GHG and co-pollutant emissions under an existing carbon trading program. Our results indicate that, thus far, California’s cap-and-trade program has not yielded improvements in environmental equity with respect to health-damaging co-pollutant emissions. This could change, however, as the cap on GHG emissions is gradually lowered in the future. The incorporation of additional policy and regulatory elements that incentivize more local emission reductions in disadvantaged communities could enhance the local air quality and environmental equity benefits of California’s climate change mitigation efforts.

Global warming potential and energy analysis of second generation ethanol production from rice straw in India

Based on the localized data of environmental load, this study has establishedthe life cycle assessment (LCA) model of battery electric passenger vehicle(BEPV) that be produced and used in China, and has evaluated the energyconsumption and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission during vehicle pro-duction and operation. The results show that the total energy consumptionand GHG emissions are 438GJ and 37,100kg (in terms of CO2 equivalent)respectively. The share of GHG emissions in total emissions at the productionstage is 24.6%, and 75.4% GHG emissions are contributed by the operationalstage. The main source of energy consumption and GHG emissions at vehicleproduction stage is the extraction and processing of raw materials. TheGHG emissions of raw materials production accounts for 75.0% in the GHGemissions of vehicle production and 18.0% in the GHG emissions of fulllife cycle. The scenario analysis shows that the application of recyclablematerials, power grid GHG emission rates and vehicle energy consumption rates have significant influence on the carbon emissions in the life cycle ofvehicle. Replacing primary metals with recycled metals can reduce GHGemissions of vehicle production by about 7.3%, and total GHG emissionscan be reduced by about 1.8%. For every 1% decrease in GHG emissionsper unit of electricity, the GHG emissions of operation stage will decrease byabout 0.9%; for every 1.0% decrease in vehicle energy consumption rate, thetotal GHG emissions decrease by about 0.8%. Therefore, developing cleanenergy, reducing the proportion of coal power, optimizing the productionof raw materials and increasing the application of recyclable materials areeffective ways to improve the environmental performance of BEPV.

Better information on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and mitigation potential in the agricultural sector is necessary to manage these emissions and identify responses that are consistent with the food security and economic development priorities of countries. Critical activity data (what crops or livestock are managed in what way) are poor or lacking for many agricultural systems, especially in developing countries. In addition, the currently available methods for quantifying emissions and mitigation are often too expensive or complex or not sufficiently user friendly for widespread use.The purpose of this focus issue is to capture the state of the art in quantifying greenhouse gases from agricultural systems, with the goal of better understanding our current capabilities and near-term potential for improvement, with particular attention to quantification issues relevant to smallholders in developing countries. This work is timely in light of international discussions and negotiations around how agriculture should be included in efforts to reduce and adapt to climate change impacts, and considering that significant climate financing to developing countries in post-2012 agreements may be linked to their increased ability to identify and report GHG emissions (Murphy et al 2010, CCAFS 2011, FAO 2011).

BackgroundSocietal pressures exist to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from farm animals, especially in beef cattle. Both total GHG and GHG emissions per unit of product decrease as productivity increases. Limitations of previous studies on GHG emissions are that they generally describe feed intake inadequately, assess the consequences of selection on particular traits only, or examine consequences for only part of the production chain. Here, we examine GHG emissions for the whole production chain, with the estimated cost of carbon included as an extra cost on traits in the breeding objective of the production system.MethodsWe examined an example beef production system where economic merit was measured from weaning to slaughter. The estimated cost of the carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e) associated with feed intake change is included in the economic values calculated for the breeding objective traits and comes in addition to the cost of the feed associated with trait change. GHG emission effects on the production system are accumulated over the breeding objective traits, and the reduction in GHG emissions is evaluated, for different carbon prices, both for the individual animal and the production system.ResultsMultiple-trait selection in beef cattle can reduce total GHG and GHG emissions per unit of product while increasing economic performance if the cost of feed in the breeding objective is high. When carbon price was $10, $20, $30 and $40/ton CO2-e, selection decreased total GHG emissions by 1.1, 1.6, 2.1 and 2.6% per generation, respectively. When the cost of feed for the breeding objective was low, selection reduced total GHG emissions only if carbon price was high (~ $80/ton CO2-e). Ignoring the costs of GHG emissions when feed cost was low substantially increased emissions (e.g. 4.4% per generation or ~ 8.8% in 10 years).ConclusionsThe ability to reduce GHG emissions in beef cattle depends on the cost of feed in the breeding objective of the production system. Multiple-trait selection will reduce emissions, while improving economic performance, if the cost of feed in the breeding objective is high. If it is low, greater growth will be favoured, leading to an increase in GHG emissions that may be undesirable.