Energy accumulation in relativistic sub-Bohr orbitals, Franklin's relativistic rotation of quarks and gravitational field bounceback as processes relevant to explosion of supernovae

Abstract

We discuss exploding stars exceeding 8 MSun. Supernova processes start with implosion before the explosion. The processes causing implosion are relatively well understood. Not so the processes that reverse the implosion into explosion. We propose and discuss three possible processes that can reverse implosion of a star into an explosion, causing supernova: a) energy accumulation in sub-Bohr electron orbitals populated by an electron moving at high relativistic velocities [1], b) Franklin's relativistic rotation of quarks [2], [3] and c) Einstein's gravitational field bounceback[4]. The relativistic sub-Bohr orbitals are derived by using an analogy to exponential gravitation (recent refs [1], [4], [5], [6], [7] and [8]).