Energetics of C−F, C−Cl, C−Br, and C−I Bonds in 2-Haloethanols. Enthalpies of Formation of XCH2CH2OH (X = F, Cl, Br, I) Compounds and of the 2-Hydroxyethyl Radical

Abstract

The energetics of the C-F, C-Cl, C-Br, and C-I bonds in 2-haloethanols was investigated by using a combination of experimental and theoretical methods. The standard molar enthalpies of formation of 2-chloro-, 2-bromo-, and 2-iodoethanol, at 298.15 K, were determined as Delta(f)H(degree)m(CH2CH2OH, l) = -315.5 +/- 0.7 kJ.mol-1, Delta(f)H(degree)mBrCH2CH2OH, l) = -275.8 +/- 0.6 kJ.mol-1, Delta(f)H(degree)m(ICH2CH2OH, l) = -207.3 +/- 0.7 kJ.mol-1, by rotating-bomb combustion calorimetry. The corresponding standard molar enthalpies of vaporization, Delta(vap)H(degree)m(ClCH2CH2OH) = 48.32 +/- 0.37 kJ.mol-1, Delta(vap)H(degree)m(BrCH2CH2OH) = 54.08 +/- 0.40 kJ.mol-1, and Delta(vap)H(degree)m(ICH2CH2OH) = 57.03 +/- 0.20 kJ.mol-1 were also obtained by Calvet-drop microcalorimetry. The condensed phase and vaporization enthalpy data lead to Delta(f)H(degree)m(ClCH2CH2OH, g) = -267.2 +/- 0.8 kJ.mol-1, Delta(f)H(degree)m(BrCH2CH2OH, g) = -221.7 +/- 0.7 kJ.mol-1, and Delta(f)H(degree)m(ICH2CH2OH, g) = -150.3 +/- 0.7 kJ.mol-1. These values, together with the enthalpy of selected isodesmic and isogyric gas-phase reactions predicted by density functional theory (B3LYP/cc-pVTZ) and CBS-QB3 calculations were used to derive the enthalpies of formation of gaseous 2-fluoroethanol, Delta(f)H(degree)m(FCH2CH2OH, g) = -423.6 +/- 5.0 kJ.mol-1, and of the 2-hydroxyethyl radical, Delta(f)H(degree)m(CH2CH2OH, g) = -28.7 +/- 8.0 kJ.mol-1. The obtained thermochemical data led to the following carbon-halogen bond dissociation enthalpies: DHo(X-CH2CH2OH) = 474.4 +/- 9.4 kJ.mol-1 (X = F), 359.9 +/- 8.0 kJ.mol-1 (X = Cl), 305.0 +/- 8.0 kJ.mol-1 (X = Br), 228.7 +/- 8.1 kJ.mol-1 (X = I). These values were compared with the corresponding C-X bond dissociation enthalpies in XCH2COOH, XCH3, XC2H5, XCH=CH2, and XC6H5. In view of this comparison the computational methods mentioned above were also used to obtain Delta(f)H(degree)m-594.0 +/- 5.0 kJ.mol-1 from which DHo(F-CH2COOH) = 435.4 +/- 5.4 kJ.mol-1. The order DHo(C-F) > DHo(C-Cl) > DHo(C-Br) > DHo(C-I) is observed for the haloalcohols and all other RX compounds. It is finally concluded that the major qualitative trends exhibited by the C-X bond dissociation enthalpies for the series of compounds studied in this work can be predicted by Pauling's electrostatic-covalent model.