Abstract
In this paper, a hybrid electric power supply system for an electric vehicle (EV) is investigated. The study aims to reduce electric stress on the main energy source (fuel cell) and boost energetic performances using energy sources with high specific power (supercapacitors, batteries) for rapid traction chain solicitations such as accelerations, decelerations, and braking operations. The multisource EV power supply system contains a fuel cell stack, a lithium batteries module, and a supercapacitors (Sc) pack. In order to emulate the EV energy demand (wheels, weight, external forces, etc.), a bidirectional load based on a reversible current DC-DC converter was used. Fuel cell (Fc) stack was interfaced by an interleaved boost converter. Batteries and the Sc pack were coupled to the DC point of coupling via buck/boost converters. Paper contribution was firstly concentrated on the distribution of energy and power between onboard energy sources in consonance with their dynamic characteristics (time response). Second contribution was based on a new Sc model, which takes into consideration the temperature and the DC current ripples frequency until 1000 Hz. Energy management strategy (EMS) was evaluated by simulations and reduced scale experimental tests. The used driving cycle was the US Federal Test Procedure known as FTP-75.
Highlights
The Energy management strategy (EMS) developed in this paper focuses on two main properties, namely the specific energy and the specific power
The energy sources contributions and electric vehicle (EV) solicitations are presented in current since the DC-link voltage was generally constant
This figure has the same fluctuations compared to simulation curve plotted in Figure 15, the magnitudes were different due to the power scale disparity between simulation environment and experimental test bench
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Different configurations and different EMS are proposed for multi-source systems [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17], such as battery-Sc configuration with real-time bi-adaptive controller [15], fuel cell-Sc-based hybrid electric vehicles with adaptive EMS [16], Fc-battery energy system with operating states EMS [17]. The energy sources operate with adapted time-responses to their intrinsic characteristics and the fast aging phenomena is limited Another important contribution concerns the new Sc behavioral model, which includes the influence of temperature and DC-current ripples frequency until.
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