Abstract
Here we provide a selection of extreme geomagnetic storms of the last century based on NOAA classification which lead to the energetic particle precipitation (EPP). EPP of such geomagnetic storms can cause power outages, communication failures, and navigation problems as well as impact on the environment and the ozone level. Studies of historical extreme geomagnetic storms together with EPP for large space weather events in the space era can help to reconstruct the parameters of extreme events of past centuries.
Highlights
The study of solar-terrestrial relations, especially during extreme disturbances are always topical and important both from the scientific and practical points of view due to the increased awareness of the versatile effects of the Sun on the near-Earth space environment, atmosphere and climate, upon the many technological systems [1]
Each extreme geomagnetic storm leads to energetic particle precipitation (EPP)
We provide a collection of all extreme geomagnetic storms (Kp=9) during the last century based on NOAA classification
Summary
The study of solar-terrestrial relations, especially during extreme disturbances are always topical and important both from the scientific and practical points of view due to the increased awareness of the versatile effects of the Sun on the near-Earth space environment, atmosphere and climate, upon the many technological systems [1]. The scales of space weather events were developed by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Space Weather Prediction Center (NOAA SWPC) in an effort to better quantify space weather [3] These scales serve as a sort of Richter scale that, e.g., correlates space weather events with their probable consequences such as effects on technological systems. The levels are defined for three types of parameters: radio blackouts or solar X-ray events (R1–R5), solar proton events (S1–S5) and geomagnetic storms (G1–G5) The five X-ray classes (R1−R5) are defined by the maximum intensity of electromagnetic radiation during an event, measured at the Earth’s orbit in the range of soft. Solar proton event classification (S1–S5) is based on the measurement of the number of solar protons at the Earth’s orbit. Apart from that most models that describe particle precipitation or the according ionization are based on Kp index [e.g. 11-15]
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